在 Python 3 中,列表推导式是否只是将生成器表达式馈入 list
函数的语法糖?
例如是以下代码:
squares = [x**2 for x in range(1000)]
居然在后台转换成下面的?
squares = list(x**2 for x in range(1000))
我知道输出是相同的,Python 3 修复了列表解析所具有的周围命名空间的令人惊讶的副作用,但就 CPython 解释器在后台所做的而言,前者是转换为后者,还是代码的执行方式有什么不同吗?
背景
我在评论部分发现了与 this question 等效的声明。 ,并且快速的谷歌搜索显示了相同的声明 here .
在 What's New in Python 3.0 docs 中也提到了这一点。 ,但措辞有些模糊:
Also note that list comprehensions have different semantics: they are closer to syntactic sugar for a generator expression inside a list() constructor, and in particular the loop control variables are no longer leaked into the surrounding scope.
最佳答案
两者的工作方式不同。列表理解版本利用了特殊的字节码 LIST_APPEND
调用 PyList_Append
直接为我们。因此,它避免了对 list.append
的属性查找和 Python 级别的函数调用。
>>> def func_lc():
[x**2 for x in y]
...
>>> dis.dis(func_lc)
2 0 LOAD_CONST 1 (<code object <listcomp> at 0x10d3c6780, file "<ipython-input-42-ead395105775>", line 2>)
3 LOAD_CONST 2 ('func_lc.<locals>.<listcomp>')
6 MAKE_FUNCTION 0
9 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (y)
12 GET_ITER
13 CALL_FUNCTION 1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
16 POP_TOP
17 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
20 RETURN_VALUE
>>> lc_object = list(dis.get_instructions(func_lc))[0].argval
>>> lc_object
<code object <listcomp> at 0x10d3c6780, file "<ipython-input-42-ead395105775>", line 2>
>>> dis.dis(lc_object)
2 0 BUILD_LIST 0
3 LOAD_FAST 0 (.0)
>> 6 FOR_ITER 16 (to 25)
9 STORE_FAST 1 (x)
12 LOAD_FAST 1 (x)
15 LOAD_CONST 0 (2)
18 BINARY_POWER
19 LIST_APPEND 2
22 JUMP_ABSOLUTE 6
>> 25 RETURN_VALUE
另一方面,list()
版本只是将生成器对象传递给列表的__init__
。然后调用其 extend
的方法内部方法。由于对象不是列表或元组,CPython 则 gets its iterator first然后简单地将项目添加到列表中,直到 iterator is exhausted :
>>> def func_ge():
list(x**2 for x in y)
...
>>> dis.dis(func_ge)
2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (list)
3 LOAD_CONST 1 (<code object <genexpr> at 0x10cde6ae0, file "<ipython-input-41-f9a53483f10a>", line 2>)
6 LOAD_CONST 2 ('func_ge.<locals>.<genexpr>')
9 MAKE_FUNCTION 0
12 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (y)
15 GET_ITER
16 CALL_FUNCTION 1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
19 CALL_FUNCTION 1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
22 POP_TOP
23 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
26 RETURN_VALUE
>>> ge_object = list(dis.get_instructions(func_ge))[1].argval
>>> ge_object
<code object <genexpr> at 0x10cde6ae0, file "<ipython-input-41-f9a53483f10a>", line 2>
>>> dis.dis(ge_object)
2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (.0)
>> 3 FOR_ITER 15 (to 21)
6 STORE_FAST 1 (x)
9 LOAD_FAST 1 (x)
12 LOAD_CONST 0 (2)
15 BINARY_POWER
16 YIELD_VALUE
17 POP_TOP
18 JUMP_ABSOLUTE 3
>> 21 LOAD_CONST 1 (None)
24 RETURN_VALUE
>>>
时间比较:
>>> %timeit [x**2 for x in range(10**6)]
1 loops, best of 3: 453 ms per loop
>>> %timeit list(x**2 for x in range(10**6))
1 loops, best of 3: 478 ms per loop
>>> %%timeit
out = []
for x in range(10**6):
out.append(x**2)
...
1 loops, best of 3: 510 ms per loop
由于属性查找速度慢,普通循环稍微慢一些。缓存它,然后再一次。
>>> %%timeit
out = [];append=out.append
for x in range(10**6):
append(x**2)
...
1 loops, best of 3: 467 ms per loop
除了列表推导不再泄漏变量这一事实之外,还有一个区别是这样的东西不再有效:
>>> [x**2 for x in 1, 2, 3] # Python 2
[1, 4, 9]
>>> [x**2 for x in 1, 2, 3] # Python 3
File "<ipython-input-69-bea9540dd1d6>", line 1
[x**2 for x in 1, 2, 3]
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> [x**2 for x in (1, 2, 3)] # Add parenthesis
[1, 4, 9]
>>> for x in 1, 2, 3: # Python 3: For normal loops it still works
print(x**2)
...
1
4
9
关于python - Python 3 中 `list(generator expression)` 的列表理解语法糖吗?,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30096351/