你好，我正在尝试运行一个程序，该程序使用蛮力和缓存技术(如此处的 pdf)找到最接近的对:Caching Performance Stanford
我的原始代码是:
float compare_points_BF(int N,point *P){
int i,j;
float distance=0, min_dist=FLT_MAX;
point *p1, *p2;
unsigned long long calc = 0;
for (i=0;i<(N-1);i++){
for (j=i+1;j<N;j++){
if ((distance = (P[i].x - P[j].x) * (P[i].x - P[j].x) +
(P[i].y - P[j].y) * (P[i].y - P[j].y)) < min_dist){
min_dist = distance;
p1 = &P[i];
p2 = &P[j];
}
}
}
return sqrt(min_dist);
}
这个程序大约给出了这些运行时间:
N 8192 16384 32768 65536 131072 262144 524288 1048576
seconds 0,070 0,280 1,130 5,540 18,080 72,838 295,660 1220,576
0,080 0,330 1,280 5,190 20,290 80,880 326,460 1318,631
上述程序的缓存版本为:
float compare_points_BF(register int N, register int B, point *P){
register int i, j, ib, jb, num_blocks = (N + (B-1)) / B;
register point *p1, *p2;
register float distance=0, min_dist=FLT_MAX, regx, regy;
//break array data in N/B blocks, ib is index for i cached block and jb is index for j strided cached block
//each i block is compared with the j block, (which j block is always after the i block)
for (i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++){
for (j = i; j < num_blocks; j++){
//reads the moving frame block to compare with the i cached block
for (jb = j * B; jb < ( ((j+1)*B) < N ? ((j+1)*B) : N); jb++){
//avoid float comparisons that occur when i block = j block
//Register Allocated
regx = P[jb].x;
regy = P[jb].y;
for (i == j ? (ib = jb + 1) : (ib = i * B); ib < ( ((i+1)*B) < N ? ((i+1)*B) : N); ib++){
//calculate distance of current points
if((distance = (P[ib].x - regx) * (P[ib].x - regx) +
(P[ib].y - regy) * (P[ib].y - regy)) < min_dist){
min_dist = distance;
p1 = &P[ib];
p2 = &P[jb];
}
}
}
}
}
return sqrt(min_dist);
}
和一些结果:
Block_size = 256 N = 8192 Run time: 0.090 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 8192 Run time: 0.090 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 8192 Run time: 0.090 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 8192 Run time: 0.100 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 8192 Run time: 0.090 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 8192 Run time: 0.090 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 16384 Run time: 0.357 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 16384 Run time: 0.353 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 16384 Run time: 0.360 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 16384 Run time: 0.360 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 16384 Run time: 0.370 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 16384 Run time: 0.350 sec
Block_size = 16384 N = 16384 Run time: 0.350 sec
Block_size = 128 N = 32768 Run time: 1.420 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 32768 Run time: 1.420 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 32768 Run time: 1.390 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 32768 Run time: 1.410 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 32768 Run time: 1.430 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 32768 Run time: 1.430 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 32768 Run time: 1.400 sec
Block_size = 16384 N = 32768 Run time: 1.380 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 65536 Run time: 5.760 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 65536 Run time: 5.790 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 65536 Run time: 5.720 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 65536 Run time: 5.720 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 65536 Run time: 5.720 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 65536 Run time: 5.530 sec
Block_size = 16384 N = 65536 Run time: 5.550 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 131072 Run time: 22.750 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 131072 Run time: 23.130 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 131072 Run time: 22.810 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 131072 Run time: 22.690 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 131072 Run time: 22.710 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 131072 Run time: 21.970 sec
Block_size = 16384 N = 131072 Run time: 22.010 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 262144 Run time: 90.220 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 262144 Run time: 92.140 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 262144 Run time: 91.181 sec
Block_size = 2048 N = 262144 Run time: 90.681 sec
Block_size = 4096 N = 262144 Run time: 90.760 sec
Block_size = 8192 N = 262144 Run time: 87.660 sec
Block_size = 16384 N = 262144 Run time: 87.760 sec
Block_size = 256 N = 524288 Run time: 361.151 sec
Block_size = 512 N = 524288 Run time: 379.521 sec
Block_size = 1024 N = 524288 Run time: 379.801 sec
从我们可以看出运行时间比非缓存代码慢。 这是由于编译器优化吗？是代码不好还是仅仅是因为算法在平铺方面表现不佳？我使用用 32 位可执行文件编译的 VS 2010。提前致谢!
最佳答案
这是一个有趣的案例。编译器在两个内部循环中的循环不变提升方面做得很差。即，两个内部 for 循环在每次迭代中检查以下条件:
(j+1)*B) < N ? ((j+1)*B) : N
和
(i+1)*B) < N ? ((i+1)*B) : N
计算和分支都是昂贵的；但它们实际上对于两个内部 for 循环是循环不变的。一旦手动将它们从两个内部 for 循环中提升出来，我就能够使缓存优化版本的性能优于未优化版本(当 N==524288 时为 10%，当 N=1048576 时为 30%)。
这是修改后的代码(真的很简单，寻找 u1、u2):
//break array data in N/B blocks, ib is index for i cached block and jb is index for j strided cached block
//each i block is compared with the j block, (which j block is always after the i block)
for (i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++){
for (j = i; j < num_blocks; j++){
int u1 = (((j+1)*B) < N ? ((j+1)*B) : N);
int u2 = (((i+1)*B) < N ? ((i+1)*B) : N);
//reads the moving frame block to compare with the i cached block
for (jb = j * B; jb < u1 ; jb++){
//avoid float comparisons that occur when i block = j block
//Register Allocated
regx = P[jb].x;
regy = P[jb].y;
for (i == j ? (ib = jb + 1) : (ib = i * B); ib < u2; ib++){
//calculate distance of current points
if((distance = (P[ib].x - regx) * (P[ib].x - regx) +
(P[ib].y - regy) * (P[ib].y - regy)) < min_dist){
min_dist = distance;
p1 = &P[ib];
p2 = &P[jb];
}
}
}
}
}
关于c++ - 如何使用缓存技术提高性能，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19307351/