c++ - unordered_map 的 vector ，在 map 中搜索太慢

Question

我编写了一个小程序，它使用一些示例数据创建了一个包含 200 万张 map 的 vector ，然后查询了一些值。

我知道此时我可以使用数据库，但我只是想稍微了解一下性能优化。

代码:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <chrono>

using namespace std;

static int NUM_OF_MAPS = 2 * 1000 * 1000;
void buildVector(vector<unordered_map <string, int>> &maps);
void find(string key, int value, vector<unordered_map <string, int>> &maps);

int main() {
    auto startPrg = chrono::steady_clock::now();

    vector<unordered_map <string, int>> maps;
    buildVector(maps);

    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        string s(1, 'a'+ i);
        find(s, i, maps);
    }

    auto endPrg = chrono::steady_clock::now();
    cout << "program duration: " << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(endPrg - startPrg).count() / 1000.0 << " ms" << endl;
    return 0;
}

void find(string key, int value, vector<unordered_map <string, int>> &maps) {
    auto start = chrono::steady_clock::now();

    int matches = 0;
    for (unordered_map <string, int> &map : maps) {
        unordered_map<string,int>::const_iterator got = map.find(key);

        if (got != map.end() && got->second == value) {
            matches++;
        }
    }

    auto end = chrono::steady_clock::now();
    cout << matches << " matches for " << key << " = " << value << " in " << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count() / 1000.0 << " ms" << endl;
}

void buildVector(vector<unordered_map <string, int>> &maps) {
    auto start = chrono::steady_clock::now();
    maps.reserve(NUM_OF_MAPS);

    int entryCounter = 0;
    unordered_map <string, int> map;
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_OF_MAPS; i++) {
        map["a"] = entryCounter++;
        map["b"] = entryCounter++;
        map["c"] = entryCounter++;
        map["d"] = entryCounter++;
        map["e"] = entryCounter++;
        map["f"] = entryCounter++;
        maps.push_back(map);
        entryCounter %= 100;
    }

    auto end = chrono::steady_clock::now();
    cout << "build vector: " << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count() / 1000.0 << " ms (" << maps.size() << ")" << endl;
}

输出:

build vector: 697.381 ms (2000000)
40000 matches for a = 0 in 67.873 ms
40000 matches for b = 1 in 64.176 ms
40000 matches for c = 2 in 60.484 ms
40000 matches for d = 3 in 68.102 ms
40000 matches for e = 4 in 62.71 ms
40000 matches for f = 5 in 65.723 ms
0 matches for g = 6 in 64.407 ms
0 matches for h = 7 in 45.401 ms
0 matches for i = 8 in 65.307 ms
0 matches for j = 9 in 64.371 ms
program duration: 1326.42 ms

为了比较速度，我在Java中做了同样的事情，得到了以下结果:

build vector: 2536.971578 ms (2000000)
40000 matches for a = 0 in 59.293339 ms
40000 matches for b = 1 in 56.306123 ms
40000 matches for c = 2 in 53.503208 ms
40000 matches for d = 3 in 51.174979 ms
40000 matches for e = 4 in 50.967731 ms
40000 matches for f = 5 in 53.68969 ms
0 matches for g = 6 in 41.927401 ms
0 matches for h = 7 in 36.160645 ms
0 matches for i = 8 in 33.535616 ms
0 matches for j = 9 in 36.56883 ms
program duration: 3016.979919 ms

虽然 C++ 在创建数据方面要快得多，但在查询部分却非常慢(与 Java 相比)。 C++ 有没有办法在这方面也击败 Java？

Java 代码:

static int NUM_OF_MAPS = 2 * 1000 * 1000;

public static void run() {
    long startPrg = System.nanoTime();

    List<Map<String,Integer>> maps = new ArrayList<>(NUM_OF_MAPS);
    buildVector(maps);

    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        String s = String.valueOf((char)('a' + i));
        find(s, i, maps);
    }

    long endPrg = System.nanoTime();
    System.out.println("program duration: " + (endPrg - startPrg) / 1000000.0 + " ms");
}


static void find(String key, Integer value, List<Map<String,Integer>> maps) {
    long start = System.nanoTime();

    int matches = 0;
    for (Map<String,Integer> map : maps) {
        Integer got = map.get(key);

        if (got != null && got.equals(value)) {
            matches++;
        }
    }

    long end = System.nanoTime();
    System.out.println(matches + " matches for " + key + " = " + value + " in " + (end - start) / 1000000.0 + " ms");
}

static void buildVector(List<Map<String,Integer>> maps) {
    long start = System.nanoTime();

    int entryCounter = 0;
    Map<String,Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_OF_MAPS; i++) {
        map.put("a", entryCounter++);
        map.put("b", entryCounter++);
        map.put("c", entryCounter++);
        map.put("d", entryCounter++);
        map.put("e", entryCounter++);
        map.put("f", entryCounter++);
        maps.add(new HashMap<>(map));
        entryCounter %= 100;
    }

    long end = System.nanoTime();
    System.out.println("build vector: " + (end - start) / 1000000.0 + " ms (" + maps.size() + ")");
}

编辑:Sry 复制了两次 Java 代码而不是 C++ 代码。

Answer 1

C++ 代码并不太慢。 Java 代码在哈希方面得到了更好的优化。

• 在c++中，unordered_map负责计算hash。因此，您集合中的每个容器 将在 unordered_map<string,int>::const_iterator got = map.find(key) 期间对字符串进行哈希处理.
• 在java中，HashMap依赖于对象的hashCode方法。问题是，String 类只能在初始化和修改字符串时计算散列。

在hash(string) -> int方面计算，您的 c++ 中的查找方法是 O(NUM_OF_MAPS) ，而在 Java 中它是 O(1) .