parsing - 展开 Aeson 示例，如何使用值数组？

Question

我试图更多地了解 Haskell，并成功地遵循了 Aeson 的例子。我现在正在尝试适应它，但我缺乏并且我确信这是一个相当基本的理解。如果重要的话，我正在使用 IHaskell-aeson 包在 Jupyter Lab 设置中执行此操作。
初始示例假设输入 JSON 文件由单个简单对象组成。输出解析对象并提供一个小的 greet信息。

{
  "name": "Johann Carl Freidrich Guass",
  "nationality": "German",
  "born": "30 April 1777",
  "died": "23 February 1855"
}

输出:Johann Carl Freidrich Guass was born 30 April 1777我想扩展它以使用此 JSON:

{
  "mathematicians": [
    { "name".... },
    { "name".... },
    { "name".... },
    { "name".... }
  ]
}

这是我现在的代码，我在第一个版本中留下了评论(:extension 用于 IHaskell/Jupyter):

:extension OverloadedStrings

import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as B
import Control.Monad (mzero)
import Data.Foldable (toList)
import Data.Aeson.Types (Parser)

data Mathematicians = Mathematicians
                    { mathematicians :: [Mathematician]
                    } deriving (Show)
data Mathematician = Mathematician 
                     { name :: String
                     , nationality :: String
                     , born :: String
                     , died :: Maybe String
                     } deriving (Show)
                     
instance A.FromJSON Mathematician where
    parseJSON (A.Object v) = Mathematician
                         <$> (v A..: "name")
                         <*> (v A..: "nationality")
                         <*> (v A..: "born")
                         <*> (v A..:? "died")
    parseJSON _ = mzero
                     
instance A.FromJSON Mathematicians where
    parseJSON (A.Object v) = do
        ms <- v A..: "mathematicians"
        fmap Mathematicians $ A.parseJSON ms
    parseJSON _ = mzero
                         
input <- B.readFile "mathematicians.json"

greet m = (show.name) m ++ 
          " was born " ++ 
          (show.born) m

-- let mm = A.decode input :: Maybe Mathematician
-- case mm of
--     Nothing -> print "error parsing JSON"
--     Just m -> (putStrLn.greet) m

let mms = A.decode input :: Maybe Mathematicians
case mms of
    Nothing -> print "error parsing JSON"
    Just ms -> print ms

打印ms给了我以下内容，这让我相信解析可能正在工作:

Mathematicians {mathematicians = [Mathematician {name = "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss", nationality = "German", born = "30 April 1777", died = Just "23 February 1855"},Mathematician {name = "Leonhard Euler", nationality = "German", born = "15 April 1707", died = Just "18 September 1783"},Mathematician {name = "William Rowan Hamilton", nationality = "Irish", born = "3 August 1805", died = Just "2 September 1865"},Mathematician {name = "Terence Chi-Shen Tao", nationality = "Australia", born = "17 July 1975", died = Nothing}]}

此外，故意在 Mathematician 中插入一个错字解析器导致 error parsing JSON消息，所以手指交叉它似乎解析工作。
但是，我不明白如何访问个人Mathematician元素，然后运行 ​​greet在他们身上依次。
我试过这样打印:print (fmap greet ms)并得到

<interactive>:3:34: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘f0 Mathematician’ with actual type ‘Mathematicians’
    • In the second argument of ‘fmap’, namely ‘ms’
      In the first argument of ‘print’, namely ‘(fmap greet ms)’
      In the expression: print (fmap greet ms)

使用 print (map greet ms)反而:

<interactive>:3:33: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘[Mathematician]’ with actual type ‘Mathematicians’
    • In the second argument of ‘map’, namely ‘ms’
      In the first argument of ‘print’, namely ‘(map greet ms)’
      In the expression: print (map greet ms)

我很抱歉地说，这两者都不是，我完全理解。

Answer 1

mms是 Maybe Mathematicians ，这意味着它可能不存在 Mathematicians值(有点像其他语言中的 null)。所以你需要“进入”Maybe运行前 greet在列表中的数学家。fmap :: (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> Maybe b可以为你做这件事。我们要给fmap一个函数，它变成 Mathematicians成字符串列表(所以 a 是 Mathematicians 和 b 是 [String] )。 fmap将检查 Maybe , 如果有值就运行函数，如果没有值就什么都不做。

greetMathematicians :: Maybe Mathematicians -> Maybe [String]
greetMathematicians mms = fmap (\ms -> [greet m | m <- mathematicians ms]) mms