python - 如何让 pipenv install <package> 使用防火墙的 SSL 证书？

Question

坐在带有 SSL 解密的非常严格的防火墙后面，我通常使用这些选项安装 python 包(在 macOS 10.15 上。)pip install --trusted-host pypi.org --trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org <packagename> .但是pipenv install --trusted-host pypi.org --trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org <packagename>不起作用:
pipenv.vendor.requirementslib.exceptions.RequirementError:从“--trusted-host”解析需求失败
由于忽略 SSL 不起作用，我尝试将防火墙的证书放入文件夹并设置 REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/path/to/company/certificates.pem 但没有成功(也许我做错了)。用户@Shanti 做了一个promising comment in this question ，但我不知道他是如何完成将证书提供给 pipenv 的。
因此，最重要的是，我正在寻找一种让 pipenv 使用我的防火墙证书的方法。
编辑:这是运行 pipenv install 时的输出:

Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: /Users/admin/Code/test/Pipfile
Using /Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/bin/python3.8 (3.8.6) to create virtualenv…
⠧ Creating virtual environment...created virtual environment CPython3.8.6.final.0-64 in 404ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/Users/admin/.local/share/virtualenvs/test-NSydZlln, clear=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/Users/admin/Library/Application Support/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==20.2.4, setuptools==50.3.2, wheel==0.35.1
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator,XonshActivator

✔ Successfully created virtual environment! 
Virtualenv location: /Users/admin/.local/share/virtualenvs/test-NSydZlln
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Building requirements...
Resolving dependencies...
✘ Locking Failed! 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py", line 488, in wrap_socket
    cnx.do_handshake()
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py", line 1934, in do_handshake
    self._raise_ssl_error(self._ssl, result)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py", line 1671, in _raise_ssl_error
    _raise_current_error()
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/_util.py", line 54, in exception_from_error_queue
    raise exception_type(errors)
OpenSSL.SSL.Error: [('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')]

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 670, in urlopen
    httplib_response = self._make_request(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 381, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 976, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/connection.py", line 361, in connect
    self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_.py", line 377, in ssl_wrap_socket
    return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py", line 494, in wrap_socket
    raise ssl.SSLError("bad handshake: %r" % e)
ssl.SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])",)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/requests/adapters.py", line 439, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 724, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 439, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pypi/wheel/json (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])")))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/resolver.py", line 807, in <module>
    main()
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/resolver.py", line 802, in main
    _main(parsed.pre, parsed.clear, parsed.verbose, parsed.system, parsed.write,
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/resolver.py", line 785, in _main
    resolve_packages(pre, clear, verbose, system, write, requirements_dir, packages)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/resolver.py", line 746, in resolve_packages
    results, resolver = resolve(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/resolver.py", line 728, in resolve
    return resolve_deps(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/utils.py", line 1378, in resolve_deps
    results, hashes, markers_lookup, resolver, skipped = actually_resolve_deps(
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/utils.py", line 1096, in actually_resolve_deps
    results = resolver.clean_results()
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/utils.py", line 1002, in clean_results
    collected_hashes = self.collect_hashes(ireq)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/utils.py", line 885, in collect_hashes
    r = session.get(pkg_url, timeout=10)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 543, in get
    return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 530, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/requests/sessions.py", line 643, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/admin/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pipenv/vendor/requests/adapters.py", line 514, in send
    raise SSLError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pypi/wheel/json (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])")))

Answer 1

如评论中所述，设置环境变量可以解决问题。它应该如下所示:

export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/path/to/certificates.pem

完整链条
在 certificate.pem 中，您必须有一个包含根证书的完整链。因此，certificates.pem 应该如下所示:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MII... 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MII... 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
...

您可以将文件拆分为后缀为 .pem 的单个文件，包括开始和结束标记，如下所示:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MII... 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

在 Finder 中，您现在可以选择单个 .pem 文件，输入 + 以便查看每个证书的内容。链必须是完整的，例如当您查看“通用名称”下的“颁发者”部分时，您应该找到每个证书的相应签名证书。
如果缺少一个或多个，请使用 Keychain Access 应用程序 (/Applications/Utilities/) 搜索缺少“通用名称”的证书，以 .PEM 格式导出证书并将生成的文件附加到您的末尾证书.pem 文件。
测试
本地测试如下:

设置 HTTPS 代理(在本例中为 Charles)

将 Charles 证书保存在 .pem 文件中

尝试调用pipenv install requests (或任何其他包)，它失败了 SSLCertVerificationError

设置 REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE环境变量

调用pipenv install requests再次 -> 作品

截图