r - 为什么我的qqnorm图不能作为函数的一部分或括号内运行？

Question

我试图告诉R使用“{}”括号一次运行多行。我以前已经成功地做到了。我试图通过在一个函数中定义多个图来一次生成多个图。

例如:

qqnorm(residuals(LM_auto), col="black", fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, sub = shapiro_output, xlab = "Shapiro Results Below:")+qqline(residuals(LM_auto))
plot(density(residuals(LM_auto)), col="black", fg="blue", bg=col_1) + polygon(density(residuals(LM_auto)), col=col_1)+
plot(residuals(LM_auto)~fitted(LM_auto), col="black", fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, main="Summary Output-------------->")+
abline(h = c(100, 10, 2, 0, -2, -10, -100), col = c("yellow", "orange", "blue", "black", "blue", "orange", "yellow"), lty = c(5,4,2,1,2,4,5))+
plot(residuals(LM_auto)~xparameter, xlab=X_variable_title, col=col_1, fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, main=summary_output, cex.main=.6)+
abline(h = c(100, 10, 2, 0, -2, -10, -100), col = c("yellow", "orange", "blue", "black", "blue", "orange", "yellow"), lty = c(5,4,2,1,2,4,5))'

所有这些行都有效，即使突出显示并作为一个块运行也是如此。但是，如果我尝试将它们放在方括号中，或将块定义为函数，它们将不会运行(除了生成qqplot之外)，R返回一组错误。

{
qqnorm(residuals(LM_auto), col="black", fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, sub = shapiro_output, xlab = "Shapiro Results Below:")+qqline(residuals(LM_auto))
plot(density(residuals(LM_auto)), col="black", fg="blue", bg=col_1) + polygon(density(residuals(LM_auto)), col=col_1)+
plot(residuals(LM_auto)~fitted(LM_auto), col="black", fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, main="Summary Output-------------->")+
abline(h = c(100, 10, 2, 0, -2, -10, -100), col = c("yellow", "orange", "blue", "black", "blue", "orange", "yellow"), lty = c(5,4,2,1,2,4,5))+
plot(residuals(LM_auto)~xparameter, xlab=X_variable_title, col=col_1, fg="blue", pch= 21, bg=col_1, alpha = .7, main=summary_output, cex.main=.6)+
abline(h = c(100, 10, 2, 0, -2, -10, -100), col = c("yellow", "orange", "blue", "black", "blue", "orange", "yellow"), lty = c(5,4,2,1,2,4,5))
}

错误:

Error in qqnorm(residuals(LM_auto), col = "black", fg = "blue", pch = as.numeric(21),  : 
non-numeric argument to binary operator

In addition: Warning messages:

1: In plot.window(...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter

2: In plot.xy(xy, type, ...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter

3: In axis(side = side, at = at, labels = labels, ...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter

4: In axis(side = side, at = at, labels = labels, ...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter

5: In box(...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter

6: In title(...) : "alpha" is not a graphical parameter'

qqnorm函数似乎有错误，因为只要删除该行，我就可以在方括号内运行代码。

为什么21不被识别为数字？还是这真的是问题？我已经尝试过:

pch=as.numeric(21)

但这仍然行不通。

为什么R不能作为高亮显示的块将它们全部同时读取为一个函数？

任何帮助将非常感激，
-谢谢。

Answer 1

感谢@MrFlick，它现在可以工作了。正如他解释的那样:

There should not be pluses (+) at the end of your lines. qqnorm is normally uses >base graphics (as does plot() and axis() and the like. You don't use + with base >graphics, that's only for ggplot plots. That error message is not about the pch >parameter, that's just here it cut off the very line line. It's about the + >between the two qqnorm() calls.

我删除了(+)，尽管alpha值仍然存在一些错误，但它现在确实作为一个块运行。