我正在尝试使用 RDTSC，但我的方法似乎无法获得核心速度:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Core
{
int CoreNumber;
};
static void startMonitoringCoreSpeeds(void *param)
{
Core core = *((Core *)param);
SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), 1 << core.CoreNumber);
while (true)
{
DWORD64 first = __rdtsc();
Sleep(1000);
DWORD64 second = __rdtsc();
cout << "Core " << core.CoreNumber << " has frequency " << ((second - first)*pow(10, -6)) << " MHz" << endl;
}
}
int GetNumberOfProcessorCores()
{
DWORD process, system;
if (GetProcessAffinityMask(GetCurrentProcess(), &process, &system))
{
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
{
if (system & (1 << i))
{
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo;
GetSystemInfo(&sysinfo);
return sysinfo.dwNumberOfProcessors;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
for (int i = 0; i < GetNumberOfProcessorCores(); i++)
{
Core *core = new Core {0};
core->CoreNumber = i;
_beginthread(startMonitoringCoreSpeeds, 0, core);
}
cin.get();
}
它总是打印出 3.3 GHz 左右的值，这是错误的，因为 Turbo Boost 之类的东西不时开启，我的内核肯定会跳到 4.3 GHz。让我交叉引用一些支持这个想法的文章。
首先(http://users.utcluj.ro/~ancapop/labscs/SCS2.pdf):“处理器内核上的 TSC 不同步。因此不确定进程是否在期间迁移 从一个内核执行到另一个内核，测量不会受到影响。为避免此问题，必须将测量进程的亲和性设置为仅一个核心，以防止进程迁移。”这告诉我，RDTSC 应该使用我设置的亲和性掩码为我的线程所在的每个核心返回不同的值，这很好.
其次，请查看这篇文章 ( http://randomascii.wordpress.com/2011/07/29/rdtsc-in-the-age-of-sandybridge/ ):“如果您需要一个跨内核工作且可用于测量时间的一致计时器，那么这是个好消息。如果您想要测量实际的 CPU 时钟周期那么你运气不好。如果你想要在广泛的 CPU 系列中保持一致性，那么你就很糟糕。更新:英特尔系统编程指南的第 16.11 节记录了时间戳计数器的这种行为. 粗略地说，它表示在较旧的处理器上时钟速率发生变化，但在较新的处理器上它保持统一。它最后说，对于 Constant TSC，“这是向前发展的架构行为。”好的，这告诉我 RDTSC 保持一致，这使我的上述结果有意义，因为我的 CPU 内核额定为标准 3.3 GHz...
真正回避问题的是，英特尔的 Turbo Boost 技术监视器和 Piriform 的 Speccy 以及 CPUID 的 CPU-Z 等应用程序如何在进行涡轮增压时实时测量处理器的时钟速度？
最佳答案
完整的解决方案如下。我已经改编了 IOCTL sample driver on MSDN去做这个。注意，IOCTL 样本是 the only relative WDM sample skeleton driver I could find and also the closest thing I could find to a WDM template因为 WDK 中开箱即用的大多数内核模式模板都是基于 WDF 的驱动程序(任何 WDM 驱动程序模板实际上都是空白的，绝对没有源代码)，但是 the only sample logic I've seen to do this input/output was through a WDM-based driver .此外，我还学到了一些有趣的事实:内核驱动程序不喜欢 float 运算，并且您不能使用“windows.h”，这实际上限制了您使用“ntddk.h”，一个特殊的内核模式头文件。这也意味着我无法在内核模式下进行所有计算，因为我无法在其中调用 QueryPerformanceFrequency 等函数，因此我必须获得时间戳之间的平均性能比并将它们返回到用户模式以进行某些计算(没有 QueryPerformanceFrequency，你从 CPU 寄存器中获得的值就像 QueryPerformanceCounter 使用的那样存储滴答是无用的，因为你不知道步长；也许有一个解决方法，但我选择只使用平均值，因为它工作得非常好) .另外，根据一秒钟的 sleep ，我使用它的原因是因为否则你几乎是在多个线程上旋转计算狗屎，这真的搞砸了你的计算，因为你的频率会随着每个内核不断上升而不断检查 QueryPerformanceCounter 的结果(你当你做更多的计算时驱动你的核心) - 更不用说 - 它是一个比率......所以增量时间并不那么重要，因为它每次循环......你总是可以增加增量，它仍然应该给你相对于步长的相同比率。此外，这是我所能做到的最简约的。祝你好运，让它比这小得多或短得多。另外，如果你想安装驱动程序，你 have two options除非你想从某个第三方购买代码签名证书，否则两者都很糟糕，所以选择一个并接受它。让我们从驱动程序开始:
driver.c:
//
// Include files.
//
#include <ntddk.h> // various NT definitions
#include <string.h>
#include <intrin.h>
#include "driver.h"
#define NT_DEVICE_NAME L"\\Device\\KernelModeDriver"
#define DOS_DEVICE_NAME L"\\DosDevices\\KernelModeDriver"
#if DBG
#define DRIVER_PRINT(_x_) \
DbgPrint("KernelModeDriver.sys: ");\
DbgPrint _x_;
#else
#define DRIVER_PRINT(_x_)
#endif
//
// Device driver routine declarations.
//
DRIVER_INITIALIZE DriverEntry;
_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_CREATE)
_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_CLOSE)
DRIVER_DISPATCH DriverCreateClose;
_Dispatch_type_(IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL)
DRIVER_DISPATCH DriverDeviceControl;
DRIVER_UNLOAD DriverUnloadDriver;
VOID
PrintIrpInfo(
PIRP Irp
);
VOID
PrintChars(
_In_reads_(CountChars) PCHAR BufferAddress,
_In_ size_t CountChars
);
#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA
#pragma alloc_text( INIT, DriverEntry )
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverCreateClose)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverDeviceControl)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, DriverUnloadDriver)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, PrintIrpInfo)
#pragma alloc_text( PAGE, PrintChars)
#endif // ALLOC_PRAGMA
NTSTATUS
DriverEntry(
_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject,
_In_ PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine is called by the Operating System to initialize the driver.
It creates the device object, fills in the dispatch entry points and
completes the initialization.
Arguments:
DriverObject - a pointer to the object that represents this device
driver.
RegistryPath - a pointer to our Services key in the registry.
Return Value:
STATUS_SUCCESS if initialized; an error otherwise.
--*/
{
NTSTATUS ntStatus;
UNICODE_STRING ntUnicodeString; // NT Device Name "\Device\KernelModeDriver"
UNICODE_STRING ntWin32NameString; // Win32 Name "\DosDevices\KernelModeDriver"
PDEVICE_OBJECT deviceObject = NULL; // ptr to device object
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);
RtlInitUnicodeString( &ntUnicodeString, NT_DEVICE_NAME );
ntStatus = IoCreateDevice(
DriverObject, // Our Driver Object
0, // We don't use a device extension
&ntUnicodeString, // Device name "\Device\KernelModeDriver"
FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, // Device type
FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN, // Device characteristics
FALSE, // Not an exclusive device
&deviceObject ); // Returned ptr to Device Object
if ( !NT_SUCCESS( ntStatus ) )
{
DRIVER_PRINT(("Couldn't create the device object\n"));
return ntStatus;
}
//
// Initialize the driver object with this driver's entry points.
//
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = DriverCreateClose;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = DriverCreateClose;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = DriverDeviceControl;
DriverObject->DriverUnload = DriverUnloadDriver;
//
// Initialize a Unicode String containing the Win32 name
// for our device.
//
RtlInitUnicodeString( &ntWin32NameString, DOS_DEVICE_NAME );
//
// Create a symbolic link between our device name and the Win32 name
//
ntStatus = IoCreateSymbolicLink(
&ntWin32NameString, &ntUnicodeString );
if ( !NT_SUCCESS( ntStatus ) )
{
//
// Delete everything that this routine has allocated.
//
DRIVER_PRINT(("Couldn't create symbolic link\n"));
IoDeleteDevice( deviceObject );
}
return ntStatus;
}
NTSTATUS
DriverCreateClose(
PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject,
PIRP Irp
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine is called by the I/O system when the KernelModeDriver is opened or
closed.
No action is performed other than completing the request successfully.
Arguments:
DeviceObject - a pointer to the object that represents the device
that I/O is to be done on.
Irp - a pointer to the I/O Request Packet for this request.
Return Value:
NT status code
--*/
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
IoCompleteRequest( Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT );
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}
VOID
DriverUnloadDriver(
_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine is called by the I/O system to unload the driver.
Any resources previously allocated must be freed.
Arguments:
DriverObject - a pointer to the object that represents our driver.
Return Value:
None
--*/
{
PDEVICE_OBJECT deviceObject = DriverObject->DeviceObject;
UNICODE_STRING uniWin32NameString;
PAGED_CODE();
//
// Create counted string version of our Win32 device name.
//
RtlInitUnicodeString( &uniWin32NameString, DOS_DEVICE_NAME );
//
// Delete the link from our device name to a name in the Win32 namespace.
//
IoDeleteSymbolicLink( &uniWin32NameString );
if ( deviceObject != NULL )
{
IoDeleteDevice( deviceObject );
}
}
NTSTATUS
DriverDeviceControl(
PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject,
PIRP Irp
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine is called by the I/O system to perform a device I/O
control function.
Arguments:
DeviceObject - a pointer to the object that represents the device
that I/O is to be done on.
Irp - a pointer to the I/O Request Packet for this request.
Return Value:
NT status code
--*/
{
PIO_STACK_LOCATION irpSp;// Pointer to current stack location
NTSTATUS ntStatus = STATUS_SUCCESS;// Assume success
ULONG inBufLength; // Input buffer length
ULONG outBufLength; // Output buffer length
void *inBuf; // pointer to input buffer
unsigned __int64 *outBuf; // pointer to the output buffer
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
irpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation( Irp );
inBufLength = irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
outBufLength = irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength;
if (!inBufLength || !outBufLength || outBufLength != sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2)
{
ntStatus = STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
goto End;
}
//
// Determine which I/O control code was specified.
//
switch ( irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode )
{
case IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED:
//
// In this method the I/O manager allocates a buffer large enough to
// to accommodate larger of the user input buffer and output buffer,
// assigns the address to Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer, and
// copies the content of the user input buffer into this SystemBuffer
//
DRIVER_PRINT(("Called IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED\n"));
PrintIrpInfo(Irp);
//
// Input buffer and output buffer is same in this case, read the
// content of the buffer before writing to it
//
inBuf = (void *)Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;
outBuf = (unsigned __int64 *)Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;
//
// Read the data from the buffer
//
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tData from User :"));
//
// We are using the following function to print characters instead
// DebugPrint with %s format because we string we get may or
// may not be null terminated.
//
PrintChars(inBuf, inBufLength);
//
// Write to the buffer
//
unsigned __int64 data[sizeof(unsigned __int64) * 2];
data[0] = __readmsr(232);
data[1] = __readmsr(231);
DRIVER_PRINT(("data[0]: %d", data[0]));
DRIVER_PRINT(("data[1]: %d", data[1]));
RtlCopyBytes(outBuf, data, outBufLength);
//
// Assign the length of the data copied to IoStatus.Information
// of the Irp and complete the Irp.
//
Irp->IoStatus.Information = sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2;
//
// When the Irp is completed the content of the SystemBuffer
// is copied to the User output buffer and the SystemBuffer is
// is freed.
//
break;
default:
//
// The specified I/O control code is unrecognized by this driver.
//
ntStatus = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_REQUEST;
DRIVER_PRINT(("ERROR: unrecognized IOCTL %x\n",
irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode));
break;
}
End:
//
// Finish the I/O operation by simply completing the packet and returning
// the same status as in the packet itself.
//
Irp->IoStatus.Status = ntStatus;
IoCompleteRequest( Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT );
return ntStatus;
}
VOID
PrintIrpInfo(
PIRP Irp)
{
PIO_STACK_LOCATION irpSp;
irpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation( Irp );
PAGED_CODE();
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tIrp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer = 0x%p\n",
Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer));
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tIrp->UserBuffer = 0x%p\n", Irp->UserBuffer));
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer = 0x%p\n",
irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer));
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength = %d\n",
irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength));
DRIVER_PRINT(("\tirpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength = %d\n",
irpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength ));
return;
}
VOID
PrintChars(
_In_reads_(CountChars) PCHAR BufferAddress,
_In_ size_t CountChars
)
{
PAGED_CODE();
if (CountChars) {
while (CountChars--) {
if (*BufferAddress > 31
&& *BufferAddress != 127) {
KdPrint (( "%c", *BufferAddress) );
} else {
KdPrint(( ".") );
}
BufferAddress++;
}
KdPrint (("\n"));
}
return;
}
驱动.h:
//
// Device type -- in the "User Defined" range."
//
#define SIOCTL_TYPE 40000
//
// The IOCTL function codes from 0x800 to 0xFFF are for customer use.
//
#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_IN_DIRECT \
CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x900, METHOD_IN_DIRECT, FILE_ANY_ACCESS )
#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_OUT_DIRECT \
CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x901, METHOD_OUT_DIRECT , FILE_ANY_ACCESS )
#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED \
CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x902, METHOD_BUFFERED, FILE_ANY_ACCESS )
#define IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_NEITHER \
CTL_CODE( SIOCTL_TYPE, 0x903, METHOD_NEITHER , FILE_ANY_ACCESS )
#define DRIVER_FUNC_INSTALL 0x01
#define DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE 0x02
#define DRIVER_NAME "ReadMSRDriver"
现在，这是加载并使用驱动程序的应用程序(Win32 控制台应用程序):
频率计算器.cpp:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winioctl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strsafe.h>
#include <process.h>
#include "..\KernelModeDriver\driver.h"
using namespace std;
BOOLEAN
ManageDriver(
_In_ LPCTSTR DriverName,
_In_ LPCTSTR ServiceName,
_In_ USHORT Function
);
HANDLE hDevice;
TCHAR driverLocation[MAX_PATH];
void InstallDriver()
{
DWORD errNum = 0;
GetCurrentDirectory(MAX_PATH, driverLocation);
_tcscat_s(driverLocation, _T("\\KernelModeDriver.sys"));
std::wcout << "Trying to install driver at " << driverLocation << std::endl;
//
// open the device
//
if ((hDevice = CreateFile(_T("\\\\.\\KernelModeDriver"),
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
NULL,
CREATE_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
NULL)) == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
errNum = GetLastError();
if (errNum != ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) {
printf("CreateFile failed! ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND = %d\n", errNum);
return;
}
//
// The driver is not started yet so let us the install the driver.
// First setup full path to driver name.
//
if (!ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
driverLocation,
DRIVER_FUNC_INSTALL
)) {
printf("Unable to install driver. \n");
//
// Error - remove driver.
//
ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
driverLocation,
DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE
);
return;
}
hDevice = CreateFile(_T("\\\\.\\KernelModeDriver"),
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
NULL,
CREATE_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
NULL);
if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){
printf("Error: CreatFile Failed : %d\n", GetLastError());
return;
}
}
}
void UninstallDriver()
{
//
// close the handle to the device.
//
CloseHandle(hDevice);
//
// Unload the driver. Ignore any errors.
//
ManageDriver(_T(DRIVER_NAME),
driverLocation,
DRIVER_FUNC_REMOVE
);
}
double GetPerformanceRatio()
{
BOOL bRc;
ULONG bytesReturned;
int input = 0;
unsigned __int64 output[2];
memset(output, 0, sizeof(unsigned __int64) * 2);
//printf("InputBuffer Pointer = %p, BufLength = %d\n", &input, sizeof(&input));
//printf("OutputBuffer Pointer = %p BufLength = %d\n", &output, sizeof(&output));
//
// Performing METHOD_BUFFERED
//
//printf("\nCalling DeviceIoControl METHOD_BUFFERED:\n");
bRc = DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
(DWORD)IOCTL_SIOCTL_METHOD_BUFFERED,
&input,
sizeof(&input),
output,
sizeof(unsigned __int64)*2,
&bytesReturned,
NULL
);
if (!bRc)
{
//printf("Error in DeviceIoControl : %d", GetLastError());
return 0;
}
//printf(" OutBuffer (%d): %d\n", bytesReturned, output);
if (output[1] == 0)
{
return 0;
}
else
{
return (float)output[0] / (float)output[1];
}
}
struct Core
{
int CoreNumber;
};
int GetNumberOfProcessorCores()
{
SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo;
GetSystemInfo(&sysinfo);
return sysinfo.dwNumberOfProcessors;
}
float GetCoreFrequency()
{
// __rdtsc: Returns the processor time stamp which records the number of clock cycles since the last reset.
// QueryPerformanceCounter: Returns a high resolution time stamp that can be used for time-interval measurements.
// Get the frequency which defines the step size of the QueryPerformanceCounter method.
LARGE_INTEGER frequency;
QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequency);
// Get the number of cycles before we start.
ULONG cyclesBefore = __rdtsc();
// Get the Intel performance ratio at the start.
float ratioBefore = GetPerformanceRatio();
// Get the start time.
LARGE_INTEGER startTime;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&startTime);
// Give the CPU cores enough time to repopulate their __rdtsc and QueryPerformanceCounter registers.
Sleep(1000);
ULONG cyclesAfter = __rdtsc();
// Get the Intel performance ratio at the end.
float ratioAfter = GetPerformanceRatio();
// Get the end time.
LARGE_INTEGER endTime;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&endTime);
// Return the number of MHz. Multiply the core's frequency by the mean MSR (model-specific register) ratio (the APERF register's value divided by the MPERF register's value) between the two timestamps.
return ((ratioAfter + ratioBefore) / 2)*(cyclesAfter - cyclesBefore)*pow(10, -6) / ((endTime.QuadPart - startTime.QuadPart) / frequency.QuadPart);
}
struct CoreResults
{
int CoreNumber;
float CoreFrequency;
};
CRITICAL_SECTION printLock;
static void printResult(void *param)
{
EnterCriticalSection(&printLock);
CoreResults coreResults = *((CoreResults *)param);
std::cout << "Core " << coreResults.CoreNumber << " has a speed of " << coreResults.CoreFrequency << " MHz" << std::endl;
delete param;
LeaveCriticalSection(&printLock);
}
bool closed = false;
static void startMonitoringCoreSpeeds(void *param)
{
Core core = *((Core *)param);
SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), 1 << core.CoreNumber);
while (!closed)
{
CoreResults *coreResults = new CoreResults();
coreResults->CoreNumber = core.CoreNumber;
coreResults->CoreFrequency = GetCoreFrequency();
_beginthread(printResult, 0, coreResults);
Sleep(1000);
}
delete param;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
InitializeCriticalSection(&printLock);
InstallDriver();
for (int i = 0; i < GetNumberOfProcessorCores(); i++)
{
Core *core = new Core{ 0 };
core->CoreNumber = i;
_beginthread(startMonitoringCoreSpeeds, 0, core);
}
std::cin.get();
closed = true;
UninstallDriver();
DeleteCriticalSection(&printLock);
}
它使用您可以从 IOCTL 示例中获取的 install.cpp。我将在 my blog 上发布一个可用的、完全可用的和现成的解决方案(显然带有代码)在接下来的几天里，如果不是今晚的话。
编辑:在博客上发布 http://www.dima.to/blog/?p=101 (那里提供完整的源代码)...
关于c++ - 如何计算CPU内核的频率，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23251795/