我正在运行 Debian Sid，几天前遇到了一个重大更新问题。那是周末，我正要升级一些东西，先做了 sudo apt-get update，然后 sudo apt-get update。然后我看到一些软件包被保留了，等等，所以我做了 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 和 sudo apt-get autoremove ，大量软件包受到这两个命令的影响(这已经吓到我了，但为时已晚)。重新启动后，我似乎没有任何 gnome、xorg、网络连接。我已经备份了关键数据并重新安装。安装稳定的 Debian 后，我更改了 resources.list 以将 Sid 包含在其中，并使用相同的更新 -> 升级 -> dist-upgrade 来制作 Sid。但这一切都以同样的麻烦告终。所以，目前，我再次全新安装，更改了sources.list，进行了升级，现在它为我提供了dist-upgrade，以下是输出:
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
docutils-common docutils-doc libegl1-mesa-drivers libelfg0 libopenvg1-mesa perlmagick python-docutils python-pygments
python-roman
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
Done
The following packages have been kept back:
bijiben cpp cpp-4.9 dh-python dnsmasq-base evolution evolution-common evolution-data-server evolution-data-server-common
evolution-plugins folks-common gcc-4.9-base ghostscript gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-gdata-0.0 gir1.2-git2-glib-1.0 gir1.2-goa-1.0
gir1.2-gtop-2.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0 gir1.2-networkmanager-1.0 gir1.2-nmgtk-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-tracker-1.0
gnome-contacts gnome-control-center gnome-control-center-data gnome-dictionary gnome-documents gnome-keyring gnome-maps
gnome-music gnome-nettool gnome-online-accounts gnome-online-miners gnome-photos gnome-settings-daemon gnome-shell
gnome-shell-common gnome-shell-extensions gnome-sushi gnome-system-monitor gnome-themes-standard gnome-themes-standard-data
goobox grilo-plugins-0.2 gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-libav gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-plugins-good
gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly gvfs gvfs-backends gvfs-bin gvfs-common gvfs-daemons gvfs-fuse gvfs-libs iceweasel initscripts
libaacs0 libarchive13 libasound2-plugins libavcodec56 libchromaprint0 libcloog-isl4 libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0
libcurl3-gnutls libevolution libfile-basedir-perl libfolks-eds25 libfolks-telepathy25 libfolks25 libgcc1 libgd3 libgegl-0.2-0
libgfortran3 libgit2-glib-1.0-0 libgnutls-deb0-28 libgnutls-openssl27 libgoa-1.0-0b libgoa-1.0-common libgoa-backend-1.0-1
libgomp1 libgphoto2-6 libgpod-common libgpod4 libgs9 libgs9-common libgstreamer-plugins-bad0.10-0 libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-0
libimobiledevice4 libldap-2.4-2 libnm-gtk-common libnm-gtk0 libnss-myhostname libobjc4 libopencv-calib3d2.4 libopencv-contrib2.4
libopencv-core2.4 libopencv-features2d2.4 libopencv-flann2.4 libopencv-highgui2.4 libopencv-imgproc2.4 libopencv-legacy2.4
libopencv-ml2.4 libopencv-objdetect2.4 libopencv-video2.4 libpam-systemd libpod-readme-perl libquadmath0 libreoffice
libreoffice-base libreoffice-base-core libreoffice-base-drivers libreoffice-calc libreoffice-common libreoffice-core
libreoffice-draw libreoffice-evolution libreoffice-gnome libreoffice-gtk libreoffice-help-en-us libreoffice-impress
libreoffice-math libreoffice-style-galaxy libreoffice-style-tango libreoffice-writer librtmp1 libsane libsane-common
libspice-client-glib-2.0-8 libspice-client-gtk-3.0-4 libstdc++6 libsystemd0 libtotem-plparser18 libtotem0
libtracker-control-1.0-0 libtracker-miner-1.0-0 libtracker-sparql-1.0-0 libudev1 libusbmuxd2 linux-image-amd64 metacity
metacity-common mutter mutter-common network-manager network-manager-gnome procps python-lxml python-pycurl python3-uno
rhythmbox rhythmbox-data rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder rhythmbox-plugins rsyslog rygel rygel-playbin rygel-tracker systemd
sysvinit-utils texinfo totem totem-common totem-plugins tracker tracker-extract tracker-gui tracker-miner-fs transmission-common
transmission-gtk udev upower usb-modeswitch usb-modeswitch-data usbmuxd util-linux util-linux-locales wget xserver-xephyr
xserver-xorg-core xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-cirrus xserver-xorg-video-fbdev
xserver-xorg-video-intel xserver-xorg-video-mach64 xserver-xorg-video-mga xserver-xorg-video-neomagic xserver-xorg-video-nouveau
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome xserver-xorg-video-qxl xserver-xorg-video-r128 xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-savage
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion xserver-xorg-video-sisusb xserver-xorg-video-tdfx xserver-xorg-video-trident
xserver-xorg-video-vesa xserver-xorg-video-vmware zenity zenity-common
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 206 not upgraded.
和:
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
cpp-4.9 docutils-common docutils-doc evolution-common gir1.2-gweather-3.0 gir1.2-mediaart-1.0 gnome-media
gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio libavformat56 libcloog-isl4 libcoverart0 libcryptui0a libdirac-encoder0 libebackend-1.2-10
libedata-cal-1.2-27 libedataserverui-1.2-1 libegl1-mesa-drivers libelfg0 libgdict-1.0-6 libgit2-21 libgphoto2-port10 libgtop2-7
libisl10 libjim0.75 libmediaart-1.0-0 libmusicbrainz5-1 libopenvg1-mesa liborcus-0.10-0 libpagemaker-0.0-0 libplist2
libregexp-common-perl librhythmbox-core8 librygel-core-2.4-2 librygel-renderer-2.4-2 librygel-renderer-gst-2.4-2
librygel-server-2.4-2 libswscale3 libvpx1 libwps-0.4-4 libx264-142 perlmagick python-docutils python-pygments python-roman
seahorse-daemon
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
evolution evolution-data-server evolution-plugins gdm3 gnome gnome-contacts gnome-core gnome-session gnome-shell
gnome-shell-extension-weather gnome-shell-extensions libboost-date-time1.55.0 libcmis-0.4-4 libebook-1.2-14
libebook-contacts-1.2-0 libedata-book-1.2-20 libevolution libfolks-eds25 libhogweed2 libmetacity-private2 libmutter0e libnettle4
libphonenumber6 libreoffice libreoffice-avmedia-backend-gstreamer libreoffice-base libreoffice-base-core
libreoffice-base-drivers libreoffice-calc libreoffice-core libreoffice-draw libreoffice-evolution libreoffice-gnome
libreoffice-gtk libreoffice-help-en-us libreoffice-impress libreoffice-math libreoffice-report-builder-bin
libreoffice-sdbc-firebird libreoffice-sdbc-hsqldb libreoffice-writer mythes-en-us powertop printer-driver-brlaser python3-uno
task-gnome-desktop tracker-utils unoconv xserver-xorg-video-modesetting
The following NEW packages will be installed:
binutils cpp-5 firmware-linux-free gcc gcc-5 gcc-5-base gir1.2-gfbgraph-0.2 gir1.2-gweather-3.0 gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-4.0
gir1.2-mediaart-2.0 gir1.2-webkit2-4.0 gstreamer1.0-clutter-3.0 irqbalance libapparmor1 libappindicator3-1 libasan2 libatomic1
libavcodec-ffmpeg56 libavformat-ffmpeg56 libavresample-ffmpeg2 libavutil-ffmpeg54 libb-hooks-endofscope-perl
libb-hooks-op-check-perl libbareword-filehandles-perl libbdplus0 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libcamel-1.2-52 libcc1-0 libcilkrts5
libclass-method-modifiers-perl libclass-xsaccessor-perl libclutter-gst-3.0-0 libcoverart1 libcoverartcc1 libcpan-changes-perl
libcryptui0a libcrystalhd3 libdata-perl-perl libdbusmenu-glib4 libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdevel-caller-perl
libdevel-globaldestruction-perl libdevel-lexalias-perl libdpkg-perl libebackend-1.2-10 libecal-1.2-18 libedata-cal-1.2-27
libedataserver-1.2-20 libedataserverui-1.2-1 libexporter-tiny-perl libfdisk1 libfile-fcntllock-perl libfile-slurp-perl
libgcc-5-dev libgdata22 libgdict-1.0-8 libgetopt-long-descriptive-perl libgit2-22 libgom-1.0-0 libgom-1.0-common
libgphoto2-port12 libgtop-2.0-10 libhogweed4 libhttp-parser2.1 libimport-into-perl libindicator3-7 libindirect-perl libinput10
libio-stringy-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl13 libitm1 libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 libjim0.76
liblexical-sealrequirehints-perl liblist-moreutils-perl liblognorm2 liblsan0 liblz4-1 libmediaart-2.0-0 libmetacity-private3
libmodule-implementation-perl libmodule-runtime-perl libmoo-perl libmoox-handlesvia-perl libmpx0 libmultidimensional-perl
libmusicbrainz5-2 libmusicbrainz5cc2 libmutter0f libnamespace-autoclean-perl libnamespace-clean-perl libnettle6 libnm0 libnuma1
liborcus-0.10-0 libpackage-stash-perl libpackage-stash-xs-perl libpadwalker-perl libpagemaker-0.0-0 libparams-classify-perl
libparams-validate-perl libpath-tiny-perl libplist3 libpod-markdown-perl libprocps4 librhythmbox-core9 librole-tiny-perl
librygel-core-2.6-2 librygel-renderer-2.6-2 librygel-renderer-gst-2.6-2 librygel-server-2.6-2 libseccomp2 libshine3 libsoxr0
libssh-gcrypt-4 libstemmer0d libstrictures-perl libsub-exporter-progressive-perl libsub-identify-perl libswresample-ffmpeg1
libswscale-ffmpeg3 libtotem-plparser-common libtrio2 libtry-tiny-perl libtsan0 libtype-tiny-perl libtype-tiny-xs-perl libubsan0
libunicode-utf8-perl libvariable-magic-perl libvpx2 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libwps-0.4-4 libx264-146 libx265-59 libxcb-render-util0
linux-image-4.0.0-2-amd64 linux-libc-dev manpages-dev pinentry-gnome3 python-bs4 python-html5lib seahorse-daemon tex-common
The following packages will be upgraded:
bijiben cpp cpp-4.9 dh-python dnsmasq-base evolution-common evolution-data-server-common folks-common gcc-4.9-base ghostscript
gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-gdata-0.0 gir1.2-git2-glib-1.0 gir1.2-goa-1.0 gir1.2-gtop-2.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0
gir1.2-networkmanager-1.0 gir1.2-nmgtk-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-tracker-1.0 gnome-control-center
gnome-control-center-data gnome-dictionary gnome-documents gnome-keyring gnome-maps gnome-music gnome-nettool
gnome-online-accounts gnome-online-miners gnome-photos gnome-settings-daemon gnome-shell-common gnome-sushi gnome-system-monitor
gnome-themes-standard gnome-themes-standard-data goobox grilo-plugins-0.2 gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-libav
gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-plugins-good gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly gvfs gvfs-backends gvfs-bin gvfs-common
gvfs-daemons gvfs-fuse gvfs-libs iceweasel initscripts libaacs0 libarchive13 libasound2-plugins libavcodec56 libchromaprint0
libcloog-isl4 libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libcurl3-gnutls libfile-basedir-perl libfolks-telepathy25 libfolks25 libgcc1
libgd3 libgegl-0.2-0 libgfortran3 libgit2-glib-1.0-0 libgnutls-deb0-28 libgnutls-openssl27 libgoa-1.0-0b libgoa-1.0-common
libgoa-backend-1.0-1 libgomp1 libgphoto2-6 libgpod-common libgpod4 libgs9 libgs9-common libgstreamer-plugins-bad0.10-0
libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-0 libimobiledevice4 libldap-2.4-2 libnm-gtk-common libnm-gtk0 libnss-myhostname libobjc4
libopencv-calib3d2.4 libopencv-contrib2.4 libopencv-core2.4 libopencv-features2d2.4 libopencv-flann2.4 libopencv-highgui2.4
libopencv-imgproc2.4 libopencv-legacy2.4 libopencv-ml2.4 libopencv-objdetect2.4 libopencv-video2.4 libpam-systemd
libpod-readme-perl libquadmath0 libreoffice-common libreoffice-style-galaxy libreoffice-style-tango librtmp1 libsane
libsane-common libspice-client-glib-2.0-8 libspice-client-gtk-3.0-4 libstdc++6 libsystemd0 libtotem-plparser18 libtotem0
libtracker-control-1.0-0 libtracker-miner-1.0-0 libtracker-sparql-1.0-0 libudev1 libusbmuxd2 linux-image-amd64 metacity
metacity-common mutter mutter-common network-manager network-manager-gnome procps python-lxml python-pycurl rhythmbox
rhythmbox-data rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder rhythmbox-plugins rsyslog rygel rygel-playbin rygel-tracker systemd sysvinit-utils
texinfo totem totem-common totem-plugins tracker tracker-extract tracker-gui tracker-miner-fs transmission-common
transmission-gtk udev upower usb-modeswitch usb-modeswitch-data usbmuxd util-linux util-linux-locales wget xserver-xephyr
xserver-xorg-core xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-cirrus xserver-xorg-video-fbdev
xserver-xorg-video-intel xserver-xorg-video-mach64 xserver-xorg-video-mga xserver-xorg-video-neomagic xserver-xorg-video-nouveau
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome xserver-xorg-video-qxl xserver-xorg-video-r128 xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-savage
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion xserver-xorg-video-sisusb xserver-xorg-video-tdfx xserver-xorg-video-trident
xserver-xorg-video-vesa xserver-xorg-video-vmware zenity zenity-common
183 upgraded, 146 newly installed, 49 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 316 MB of archives.
After this operation, 338 MB of additional disk space will be used.
如您所见，gnome 正在 dist-upgrade 中被清除。我在网上搜索了解决方案，但没有找到足够的东西。将 gnome 标记为手动安装的软件包没有帮助。
我还发现了一些使用 aptitude 执行安全升级的说明，但我决定在发布此问题后尝试一下。
提前致谢。
更新:
sudo aptitude safe-upgrade之后问题仍然存在，但输出小得多:
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
evolution evolution-data-server evolution-plugins gdm3 gnome gnome-contacts gnome-core gnome-session gnome-shell
gnome-shell-extension-weather gnome-shell-extensions libboost-date-time1.55.0 libcmis-0.5-5 libebook-1.2-16
libebook-contacts-1.2-1 libedata-book-1.2-25 libevolution libfolks-eds25 libhogweed2 libnettle4 libphonenumber6 libreoffice
libreoffice-avmedia-backend-gstreamer libreoffice-base libreoffice-base-core libreoffice-base-drivers libreoffice-calc
libreoffice-core libreoffice-draw libreoffice-evolution libreoffice-gnome libreoffice-gtk libreoffice-help-en-us
libreoffice-impress libreoffice-math libreoffice-report-builder-bin libreoffice-sdbc-firebird libreoffice-sdbc-hsqldb
libreoffice-writer mythes-en-us powertop printer-driver-brlaser python3-uno task-gnome-desktop unoconv
xserver-xorg-video-modesetting
The following packages will be upgraded:
gcc-4.9-base libcurl3-gnutls libgnutls-deb0-28 libgnutls-openssl27 libicu52 libldap-2.4-2 libstdc++6 python-pycurl wget
xserver-xorg-core xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-cirrus xserver-xorg-video-fbdev
xserver-xorg-video-intel xserver-xorg-video-mach64 xserver-xorg-video-mga xserver-xorg-video-neomagic xserver-xorg-video-nouveau
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome xserver-xorg-video-qxl xserver-xorg-video-r128 xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-savage
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion xserver-xorg-video-sisusb xserver-xorg-video-tdfx xserver-xorg-video-trident
xserver-xorg-video-vesa xserver-xorg-video-vmware
30 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 46 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 16.7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 325 MB disk space will be freed.
最佳答案
如果您想dist-upgrade，您必须等待。 Debian Sid 已切换到 GCC 5 作为默认编译器。新的 libstdc++ 中断 ABI兼容性，这意味着必须重建很多包。更多信息请点击:https://wiki.debian.org/GCC5
关于linux - Debian:dist-upgrade 删除了 gnome 和许多其他东西，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31783961/