ios - 无法在 Swift 中使用协议(protocol)作为另一个协议(protocol)中的关联类型

Question

我有一个协议(protocol)Address，它继承自另一个协议(protocol)Validator，并且Address满足Validator > 扩展中的要求。

还有另一个协议(protocol)，FromRepresentable，它有一个 linkedType (ValueWrapper) 要求，应该是 Validator 。

现在，如果我尝试使用 Address 作为 linkedType，则它无法编译。它说，

Inferred type 'Address' (by matching requirement 'valueForDetail') is invalid: does not conform to 'Validator'.

这种用法违法吗？我们是否应该能够使用 Address 代替 Validator，因为所有 Addresses 都是 Validator。

下面是我正在尝试的代码段。

enum ValidationResult {
    case Success
    case Failure(String)
}

protocol Validator {
    func validate() -> ValidationResult
}

//Address inherits Validator
protocol Address: Validator {
    var addressLine1: String {get set}
    var city: String {get set}
    var country: String {get set}
}

////Fulfill Validator protocol requirements in extension
extension Address {
    func validate() -> ValidationResult {
        if addressLine1.isEmpty {
            return .Failure("Address can not be empty")
        }
        return .Success
    }
}

protocol FormRepresentable {
    associatedtype ValueWrapper: Validator
    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: ValueWrapper) -> String
}


// Shipping Address conforming to Address protocol. 
// It should also implicitly conform to Validator since
// Address inherits from Validator?
struct ShippingAddress: Address {
    var addressLine1 = "CA"
    var city = "HYD"
    var country = "India"
}


// While compiling, it says:
// Inferred type 'Address' (by matching requirement 'valueForDetail') is invalid: does not conform
// to 'Validator'.
// But Address confroms to Validator.
enum AddressFrom: Int, FormRepresentable {
    case Address1
    case City
    case Country

    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: Address) -> String {
        switch self {
        case .Address1:
            return valueWrapper.addressLine1
        case .City:
            return valueWrapper.city
        case .Country:
            return valueWrapper.country
        }
    }
}

更新:提交了bug.

Answer 1

问题，哪个David has already alluded to ，一旦您将协议(protocol)的 linkedtype 限制为特定的(非 @objc)协议(protocol)，您就必须使用具体类型来满足该要求。

这是因为protocols don't conform to themselves – 因此意味着您不能使用 Address 来满足符合 Validator 的协议(protocol)的关联类型要求，因为 Address 是 不是符合Validator的类型。

正如我所演示的 in my answer here ，考虑以下反例:

protocol Validator {
    init()
}
protocol Address : Validator {}

protocol FormRepresentable {
    associatedtype ValueWrapper: Validator
}

extension FormRepresentable {
    static func foo() {
        // if ValueWrapper were allowed to be an Address or Validator,
        // what instance should we be constructing here?
        // we cannot create an instance of a protocol.
        print(ValueWrapper.init())
    }
}

// therefore, we cannot say:
enum AddressFrom : FormRepresentable {
    typealias ValueWrapper = Address
}

最简单的解决方案是放弃对 ValueWrapper 关联类型的 Validator 协议(protocol)约束，从而允许您在方法参数中使用抽象类型。

protocol FormRepresentable {
    associatedtype ValueWrapper
    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: ValueWrapper) -> String
}

enum AddressFrom : Int, FormRepresentable {

    // ...

    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: Address) -> String {
        // ...
    }
}

如果您需要关联的类型约束，并且每个 AddressFrom 实例仅期望 Address 的单个具体实现作为输入 - 您可以使用泛型来为您的 AddressFrom 使用要在您的方法中使用的给定具体地址类型进行初始化。

protocol FormRepresentable {
    associatedtype ValueWrapper : Validator
    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: ValueWrapper) -> String
}

enum AddressFrom<T : Address> : Int, FormRepresentable {

    // ...

    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: T) -> String {
        // ...
    }
}

// replace ShippingAddress with whatever concrete type you want AddressFrom to use
let addressFrom = AddressFrom<ShippingAddress>.Address1

但是，如果您需要关联的类型约束和，则每个 AddressFrom 实例必须能够处理任何类型的 Address 输入– 您将使用类型删除来将任意地址包装在具体类型中。

protocol FormRepresentable {
    associatedtype ValueWrapper : Validator
    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: ValueWrapper) -> String
}

struct AnyAddress : Address {

    private var _base: Address

    var addressLine1: String {
        get {return _base.addressLine1}
        set {_base.addressLine1 = newValue}
    }
    var country: String {
        get {return _base.country}
        set {_base.country = newValue}
    }
    var city: String {
        get {return _base.city}
        set {_base.city = newValue}
    }

    init(_ base: Address) {
        _base = base
    }
}

enum AddressFrom : Int, FormRepresentable {

    // ...

    func valueForDetail(valueWrapper: AnyAddress) -> String {
        // ...
    }
}

let addressFrom = AddressFrom.Address1

let address = ShippingAddress(addressLine1: "", city: "", country: "")

addressFrom.valueForDetail(AnyAddress(address))