我正在尝试组合 seq-m 和 error-m 来对可能返回错误的事物进行列表推导。我的输出有意想不到的类型,但除此之外它实际上似乎是合理的。我在下面分解了我的代码,但这里有一个 working gist
这是我的 monadic 业务逻辑
def get_loan(name):
m_qualified_amounts = (
bind(get_banks(name), lambda bank:
bind(get_accounts(bank, name), lambda account:
bind(get_balance(bank, account), lambda balance:
bind(get_qualified_amount(balance), lambda qualified_amount:
unit(qualified_amount))))))
return m_qualified_amounts
names = ["Irek", "John", "Alex", "Fred"]
for name, loans in zip(names, map(get_loan, names)):
print "%s: %s" % (name, loans)
输出
Irek: [None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 35000', None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 70000', None, 'Unable to get balance due to technical issue for Wells Fargo: 3']
John: [None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 140000']
Alex: [[245000], None, [280000], None]
Fred: (None, 'No bank associated with name Fred')
我希望看到元组列表——该列表是列表推导的结果,最终列表中的每一项都应该是错误单子(monad)(value, error
元组)中的一个值。就好像 seq_bind
移除了太多层级的嵌套。
这是我对 monad 的定义,如果它不正确,它非常接近,因为两个 monad 都是独立工作的,只是没有结合。
def success(val): return val, None
def error(why): return None, why
def get_value(m_val): return m_val[0]
def get_error(m_val): return m_val[1]
# error monad
def error_unit(x): return success(x)
def error_bind(mval, mf):
assert isinstance(mval, tuple)
error = get_error(mval)
if error: return mval
else: return mf(get_value(mval))
def flatten(listOfLists):
"Flatten one level of nesting"
return [x for sublist in listOfLists for x in sublist]
# sequence monad
def seq_unit(x): return [x]
def seq_bind(mval, mf):
assert isinstance(mval, list)
return flatten(map(mf, mval))
# combined monad !!
def unit(x): return error_unit(seq_unit(x))
def bind(m_error_val, mf):
return error_bind(m_error_val, lambda m_seq_val: seq_bind(m_seq_val, mf))
单一API
def get_banks(name):
if name == "Irek": return success(["Bank of America", "Wells Fargo"])
elif name == "John": return success(["PNC Bank"])
elif name == "Alex": return success(["TD Bank"])
else: return error("No bank associated with name %s" % name)
def get_accounts(bank, name):
if name == "Irek" and bank == "Bank of America": return success([1, 2])
elif name == "Irek" and bank == "Wells Fargo": return success([3])
elif name == "John" and bank == "PNC Bank": return success([4])
elif name == "John" and bank == "Wells Fargo": return success([5, 6])
elif name == "Alex" and bank == "TD Bank": return success([7, 8])
else: return error("No account associated with (%s, %s)" % (bank, name))
def get_balance(bank, account):
if bank == "Wells Fargo":
return error("Unable to get balance due to technical issue for %s: %s" % (bank, account))
else:
return success([account * 35000]) #right around 200,000 depending on acct number
def get_qualified_amount(balance):
if balance > 200000:
return success([balance])
else:
return error("Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is %s" % balance)
也在寻找改进代码的方法。标记为 haskell 和 clojure,因为这在这些语言中是惯用的,python 社区对此不感兴趣。
最佳答案
在 Haskell 中使用 Monad Transformers 像这样通过堆叠组合 monad .暂时搁置 Daniel Wagner 的 ListT 不是 monad 的观点。您有两个具有类型的 monad:
列出一个
,它看起来像[x,y,z]
(Error e) a
看起来是x, None
或None, err
如果将一个转换为 monad 转换器并组合它们,有两种方法:
(ErrorT e) 列出一个
,看起来像[ (x,None), (y,None), (None, err) ]
ListT (ErrorT e) a
看起来像[x,y,z], None
或None, [x,y,z]
你想要一个对列表,所以我想你想要第一个形式。但是您的简单测试不同意这一点。您的 unit
不会返回 (1.) 中的成对列表,而是返回一对列表和 None,即 (2.)。
所以你要么有倒退的东西,要么你有一个更复杂的单子(monad)。我会尝试将您的要点修改为 (1.)。
我认为这段代码可能会做你想做的事:
def flatten(listOfLists):
"Flatten one level of nesting"
assert isinstance(listOfLists, list)
if len(listOfLists) > 0:
assert isinstance(listOfLists[0], list)
return [x for sublist in listOfLists for x in sublist]
# sequence monad
def seq_unit(x): return [x]
def seq_bind(mval, mf): return flatten(map(mf, mval))
# Decompose ErrorT e m a
def get_value(m_val): return m_val[0]
def get_error(m_val): return m_val[1]
# hard coded "(ErrorT e) List a" instance of throwError, note that seq_unit is hardcoded
def error_throwError(err): return (None, err)
def errorT_list_throwError(err): return seq_unit(error_throwError(err))
# "(ErrorT e) List a" monad
def error_unit(x): return (x,None)
def errorT_list_unit(x): return seq_unit(error_unit(x))
def error_bind(mval, mf):
assert isinstance(mval, tuple)
error = get_error(mval)
if error:
return error_throwError(error)
else:
return mf(get_value(mval))
# Cannot have multi-line lambda
def errorT_list_bind_helper(mval, mf):
assert isinstance(mval, tuple)
error = get_error(mval)
if error:
return errorT_list_throwError(error)
else:
return mf(get_value(mval))
def errorT_list_bind(mval, mf): return seq_bind(mval, lambda v: errorT_list_bind_helper(v, mf))
# combined monad !! (ErrorT e) List a
unit = errorT_list_unit
bind = errorT_list_bind
throwError = errorT_list_throwError
# hard coded "lift :: List a -> (ErrorT e) List a"
def lift(mval):
assert isinstance(mval, list)
# return [ (val,None) for val in mval ]
# return [ errorT_list_unit(val) for val in mval ]
return seq_bind(mval, lambda v : unit(v))
def get_banks(name):
if name == "Irek": return lift(["Bank of America", "Wells Fargo"])
elif name == "John": return unit("PNC Bank")
elif name == "Alex": return unit("TD Bank")
else: return throwError("No bank associated with name %s" % name)
def get_accounts(bank, name):
if name == "Irek" and bank == "Bank of America": return lift([1, 2])
elif name == "Irek" and bank == "Wells Fargo": return unit(3)
elif name == "John" and bank == "PNC Bank": return unit(4)
elif name == "John" and bank == "Wells Fargo": return lift([5, 6])
elif name == "Alex" and bank == "TD Bank": return lift([7, 8])
else: return throwError("No account associated with (%s, %s)" % (bank, name))
def get_balance(bank, account):
if bank == "Wells Fargo":
return throwError("Unable to get balance due to technical issue for %s: %s" % (bank, account))
else:
return unit(account * 35000) #right around 200,000 depending on acct number
def get_qualified_amount(balance):
if balance > 200000:
return unit(balance)
else:
return throwError("Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is %s" % balance)
# monadic business logic
def get_loan(name):
m_qualified_amounts = (
bind(get_banks(name), lambda bank:
bind(get_accounts(bank, name), lambda account:
bind(get_balance(bank, account), lambda balance:
bind(get_qualified_amount(balance), lambda qualified_amount:
unit(qualified_amount))))))
assert isinstance(m_qualified_amounts, list)
assert isinstance(m_qualified_amounts[0], tuple)
return m_qualified_amounts
names = ["Irek", "John", "Alex", "Fred"]
for name, loans in zip(names, map(get_loan, names)):
print "%s: %s" % (name, loans)
输出是
Irek: [(None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 35000'), (None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 70000'), (None, 'Unable to get balance due to technical issue for Wells Fargo: 3')]
John: [(None, 'Insufficient funds for loan, current balance is 140000')]
Alex: [(245000, None), (280000, None)]
Fred: [(None, 'No bank associated with name Fred')]
关于python - 结合 maybe 和 seq monads : confused at the output,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10059163/