因此，多亏了 C++11，现在可以结合宏、用户定义的文字、lambdas 等来创建最接近“语法糖”的东西。一个例子是
if (A contains B)
当然这很容易。
cout <<("hello"_s contains "ello"_s)<<endl;
表达式转换为 bool 值，其中 contains 是一个自定义结构，它将左侧和右侧作为参数。结构当然会重载 operator+ 以首先获取自定义字符串文字，然后返回自身，然后是结构本身的 operator+。
struct contains_struct {
string lhs;
string rhs;
void set_lhs(string lhs) { this->lhs = lhs; }
void set_rhs(string rhs) { this->rhs = rhs; }
operator bool() const {
return string::npos != lhs.find(rhs);
}
} contains_obj;
contains_struct& operator+(const string& lhs, const contains_struct& rhs) {
contains_obj.set_lhs(lhs);
return contains_obj;
}
contains_struct& operator+(const contains_struct& lhs, const string& rhs) {
contains_obj.set_rhs(rhs);
return contains_obj;
}
#define contains +contains_obj+
现在我决定要走得更远。怎么样
(x in a) perform cube
这不是列表推导，但它是一个很好的例子，对吧？一开始我说，好吧，我必须去stackoverflow询问自定义运算符的优先级，但是把它放在括号里是直截了当的，因为没有人会使用我的代码。相反，我扩展了我的另一个示例，并将 'in' 和 'perform' 作为自定义结构，就像 'contains' 一样。
您可以更进一步并对其进行模板化，以便 x 可以是任何数字索引，而 a 可以是任何容器，但为简单起见，我将 x 保留为整数，将 a 保留为整数 vector 。现在到目前为止，它实际上并没有将局部变量 x 作为参数，而是在 operator string() 函数中本地使用它。
为了简化，我将表达式的结果存储在一个字符串中，就像这样
operator string() const {
string s = "";
for (int x : lhs.rhs)
s += to_string(rhs(x)) + string("\n");
return s;
}
感谢另一个问题:Overloading assignment operator for type deduction
我意识到将其作为作业返回的一个实际用途如下:
struct result_struct {
vector<int> results;
result_struct(vector<int> results) { this->results = results; }
};
...
operator result_struct() const {
vector<int> tmp;
for (int x : lhs.rhs)
tmp.push_back(rhs(x));
return result_struct(tmp);
}
...
result_struct result_2 = (x in a) perform cube;
for (int x : result_2.results)
cout <<x<<endl;
感谢 milleniumbug's answer ，我能做到:
struct for_obj
{
int _lhs;
std::vector<int> _rhs;
for_obj(int lhs, std::vector<int> rhs)
: _lhs(lhs), _rhs(rhs) { }
};
INFIX_OPERATOR(for_obj, in_op, int, std::vector<int>)
{
return for_obj(lhs(), rhs());
}
#define in + in_op() +
INFIX_OPERATOR(int, perform_op, for_obj, std::function<int(int)>)
{
for (int i = 0; i < lhs()._rhs.size(); i++)
rhs()(lhs()._rhs[i]);
return 0;
}
#define perform + perform_op() +
有两个警告。首先，我返回一个 int 以便我可以将它分配给一个虚拟变量以使其执行。我总是可以做我以前做过的 result_struct 事情，或者返回一个 std::function 对象来自己调用它，但我会重复自己。另一个需要注意的是，由于宏中有太多 const，您无法修改 lhs(这不允许您指定迭代器)。
考虑到所有因素，以下工作按预期工作。
int x = 0;
std::vector<int> nums = { 1, 2, 3 };
auto cube = [] (int x)
{
std::cout << x * x * x << std::endl;
return x * x * x;
};
int i = (x in nums) perform cube;
新版本
class PerformObj {
int counter;
public:
PerformObj() : counter(0) { }
~PerformObj() { }
InObj lhs;
std::function<int(int)> rhs;
operator int() const {
return rhs(lhs.rhs[counter]);
}
} performobj;
#define perform + performobj +
PerformObj& operator+(const InObj& lhs, PerformObj& rhs) {
rhs.lhs = lhs;
return rhs;
}
PerformObj& operator+(PerformObj& lhs, const std::function<int(int)>& rhs) {
lhs.rhs = rhs;
return lhs;
}
int main()
{
std::vector<int> nums = {1,2,3};
int x = 0;
auto cube = [] (int n) {
return n * n * n;
};
std::cout << x in nums perform cube << std::endl;
}
explicit operator std::vector<int>() const {
std::vector<int> temp;
for (int i = 0; i < lhs.rhs.size(); i++) {
temp.push_back(rhs(lhs.rhs[i]));
}
return temp;
}
int y = 0;
std::cout << y in static_cast<std::vector<int>>(x in nums perform cube) perform std::function<int(int)>([] (int i) -> int {
return i;
}) << std::endl;
我应该让它代替中缀运算符，而是后缀运算符，例如 "String literal"s.contains "Other string literal"s，或者使用函数样式， "字符串文字"s.contains("其他字符串文字"s)?
我将如何改进我的代码以使其更具可扩展性？就像现在一样，污染非常严重。有没有更好/更通用/不那么笨重的方法来做到这一点？例如，概括表达式以便我不需要定义语句或重用代码。
最佳答案
假设最新的编辑包含所有问题，很难看出这里提出的问题是什么。
Should I make it so that instead of infix operators, there are postfix operators, like "String literal"s.contains "Other string literal"s, or do it function style, "String literal"s.contains("Other string literal"s)?
是的。 "String literal"s.contains("Other string literal"s)是最好的方法 - 简洁，C++ 程序员清楚，其他语言的程序员清楚(Java 和 Python 字符串有方法)，不使用模板魔术或宏魔术。
How would I improve my code to make it more extensible? As it is right now, it's very polluted. Is there a better/more generalized/less clunky way to do this? For example, to generalize the expressions so that I don't need define statements or to reuse code.
是的!但只是在一定程度上(删除了那里和这里不必要的常量):
#define INFIX_OPERATOR(rettype, name, LT, RT) \
struct name\
{\
private:\
LT* left;\
RT* right;\
\
protected:\
LT& lhs() const { return *left; }\
RT& rhs() const { return *right; }\
\
public: \
friend name operator+(LT& lhs, name && op)\
{\
op.left = &lhs;\
return op;\
}\
\
friend name operator+(name && op, RT& rhs)\
{\
op.right = &rhs;\
return op;\
}\
\
name () : left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}\
\
operator rettype() const;\
};\
\
inline name :: operator rettype() const
然后你可以像这样创建你的中缀运算符:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
INFIX_OPERATOR(bool, contains_op, const std::string, const std::string)
{
return std::string::npos != lhs().find(rhs());
}
#define contains + contains_op() +
int main()
{
std::string a = "hello";
std::string b = "hell";
if(a contains b)
std::cout << "YES";
}
请注意，无法避免#define contains 指令，因为无法使用另一个宏指令创建宏指令。
What are the practical benefits of this if there are any (ignoring all rationality of using this as real world code. I mean what can you get out of it for what I'm using it for, barring recreational purposes?) Say that my friend, instead of learning C++, wants an easy abstracted interface for his Bash or Perl experience but would like to collaborate without resorting to compiling/linking outside gcc. That way, he can write 'scripts' or 'code' that is C++, and compile and link it with my programs/libraries/interface, whatever.
您似乎正试图在另一种语言之上创建一种语言。准备
- 数小时尝试测试您的语言。
- 令人尴尬的错误诊断消息。尝试编译:
std::vector<void> myarr;1 然后用宏包裹它。然后将其包装在另一个模板中。然后在另一个宏中......你明白了。 - 显示已处理代码的调试工具。
- 即使您的语言与自身完美集成，您仍然需要处理 C++，其中包含大量规则和复杂的类型系统。 After all, all abstractions are leaky.
如果你的 friend 想用 Perl 编程，就让他去做吧。这些语言很容易与 C 交互。
如果您尝试创建一种语言，因为其他语言无法清晰地表达您想要做的事情，解析器生成器(Flex/Bison、ANTLR)和 LLVM 可以轻松实现。
如果创建解析器太过分了，请查看 D 语言 mixins。他们接受在编译时创建的字符串，然后像直接插入一样编译它。
这里...
import std.stdio;
int main()
{
mixin(`write("Hello world");`); //`contents` is a raw string literal
return 0; //so is r"contents"
}
相当于:
import std.stdio;
int main()
{
write("Hello world");
return 0;
}
这只是一个简单的例子。你可以让你的函数解析一个字符串:
mixin(user1508519s_language(r"(x in a) perform cube"));
1 - 这是它的外观(gcc 4.7.2):
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/bits/stl_construct.h:63:0,
from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:63,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/ext/alloc_traits.h
: In instantiation of 'struct __gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<void> >':
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
76:28: required from 'struct std::_Vector_base<void, std::allocator<void> >'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
208:11: required from 'class std::vector<void>'
#templateerrors2.cpp:5:19: required from here
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/ext/alloc_traits.h
:189:53: error: no type named 'reference' in 'class std::allocator<void>'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/ext/alloc_traits.h
:190:53: error: no type named 'const_reference' in 'class std::allocator<void>'
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:65:0,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
In instantiation of 'class std::vector<void>':
#templateerrors2.cpp:5:19: required from here
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
292:7: error: forming reference to void
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
467:7: error: forming reference to void
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
684:7: error: invalid parameter type 'std::vector<void>::value_type {aka void}'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
684:7: error: in declaration 'void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(std::vector<
_Tp, _Alloc>::size_type, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::value_type)'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
881:7: error: forming reference to void
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:70:0,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/vector.tcc:10
8:5: error: forming reference to void
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:65:0,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
1003:7: error: forming reference to void
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
1179:7: error: forming reference to void
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:70:0,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/vector.tcc:21
6:5: error: forming reference to void
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/vector.tcc:43
9:5: error: forming reference to void
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/vector.tcc:31
6:5: error: forming reference to void
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:65:0,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
In instantiation of 'std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::~_Vector_base() [with _Tp
= void; _Alloc = std::allocator<void>]':
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
247:15: required from 'std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::vector() [with _Tp = void; _A
lloc = std::allocator<void>]'
#templateerrors2.cpp:5:19: required from here
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
161:9: error: invalid use of 'void'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
In instantiation of 'void std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::_M_deallocate(std::_V
ector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::pointer, std::size_t) [with _Tp = void; _Alloc = std::a
llocator<void>; std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::pointer = void*; std::size_t = u
nsigned int]':
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
161:9: required from 'std::_Vector_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::~_Vector_base() [with _T
p = void; _Alloc = std::allocator<void>]'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
247:15: required from 'std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::vector() [with _Tp = void; _A
lloc = std::allocator<void>]'
#templateerrors2.cpp:5:19: required from here
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
175:4: error: 'struct std::_Vector_base<void, std::allocator<void> >::_Vector_im
pl' has no member named 'deallocate'
In file included from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/bits/stl_algobase.h:66:0,
from c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/
c++/vector:61,
from #templateerrors2.cpp:1:
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_iterator_
base_types.h: In instantiation of 'struct std::iterator_traits<void*>':
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_construct
.h:127:24: required from 'void std::_Destroy(_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterato
r) [with _ForwardIterator = void*]'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_construct
.h:155:7: required from 'void std::_Destroy(_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator
, std::allocator<_T2>&) [with _ForwardIterator = void*; _Tp = void]'
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_vector.h:
403:9: required from 'std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::~vector() [with _Tp = void; _A
lloc = std::allocator<void>]'
#templateerrors2.cpp:5:19: required from here
c:\__moje\prog\mingw\bin\../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.7.2/include/c++/bits/stl_iterator_
base_types.h:182:43: error: forming reference to void
关于c++ - 定义新的中缀运算符，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15632217/