我最近扩展了 Windows Azure 存储 API (PyAzure) 的 Python API，以包含对服务管理 API 的支持。请参阅https://github.com/bmb/pyazure .
我正在使用像 using pyOpenSSL to create urllib custom opener 中建议的那样的 HTTPSClientAuthHandler 。在 Linux 上，对于各种版本的 Python 2.6 和 2.7，这都可以很好地工作。然而，Windows 则是另一回事。针对 Azure 管理主机地址的所有请求都会失败，并显示:
[Errno 10054] An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host
我认为，是拖动中的套接字错误号 10054“连接由对等方重置”。
这在我的 API 代码中似乎不是问题(除非我使用的客户端证书身份验证方法在某种程度上是伪造的)，而是较低级别的问题。我可以在没有 urllib2 或 httplib 的情况下重现该问题，只需设置一个 SSL 套接字并像 urllib2 那样通过管道发送相同的 HTTP 请求，例如列出有效的 Azure 数据中心位置:
>>> import socket, ssl, sys
>>> sys.version
'2.7.1 (r271:86832, Nov 27 2010, 17:19:03) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)]'
>>> s = ssl.wrap_socket(socket.socket(), certfile='c:\\users\\blair\\research\\clouds\\azure\\BlairBethwaiteAzure1.pfx.pem')
>>> s.connect(('management.core.windows.net',443))
>>> s.send("GET /SUBSCRIPTION_ID/locations HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nX-Ms-Version: 2011-10-01\r\nHost: management.core.windows.net\r\nConnection: close\r\nUser-Agent: Python-urllib/2.6\r\n\r\n")
202
>>> s.read()
Traceback (most recent call last):
c:\Users\blair\research\clouds\azure\pyazure\<ipython-input-63-3306c981d8a7>
in <module>()
----> 1 s.read()
C:\Python27\lib\ssl.pyc in read(self, len)
136
137 try:
--> 138 return self._sslobj.read(len)
139 except SSLError, x:
140 if x.args[0] == SSL_ERROR_EOF and self.suppress_ragged_eofs:
error: [Errno 10054] An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host
将上面的 SUBSCRIPTION_ID 替换为你的 Azure 订阅 ID。调用 SSLSocket.read 后约 45 秒引发异常。证书是一个格式正确的 PEM 文件，包括私钥和证书，它是使用以下方法从 pfx(在 Ubuntu 10.04 中)转换而来的:
openssl pkcs12 -in pfxfile -out pemfile -nodes
我认为这并不重要，但我也尝试过 unix2dos-ing PEM 文件，但无济于事。即使我不提供任何证书，我也会得到相同的行为，但在 Linux 上这样做会导致服务器出现正确的 API 错误:
'HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\nContent-Length: 0\r\nServer: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0\r\nDate: Thu, 01 Dec 2011 13:59:29 GMT\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n'
这已由使用 Windows 7 的另一个人(与我相同)独立验证。这不是客户端防火墙问题 - 相同的代码可以在同一主机上运行的 NAT 版 Linux 虚拟机中运行。
我被难住了。非常感谢这里的人们能够提供的任何帮助......
更新: 这似乎与 Python 中的底层 SSL 实现有关。 CPython 2.7.1 具有如上所示的错误行为，但我已经使用 ActiveState Python(2.7 和 2.6)进行了测试并取得了成功，例如:
>>> import sys, socket, ssl
>>> sys.version
'2.7.1 (r271:86832, Feb 7 2011, 11:30:38) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)]'
>>> s = ssl.wrap_socket(socket.socket(), certfile='\\\\VBOXSVR\\azure\\BlairBethwaiteAzure1.pfx.pem')
>>> s.connect(('management.core.windows.net',443))
>>> s.send('GET /SUBSCRIPTION_ID/locations HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\nX-Ms-Version: 2011-10-01\r\nHost: management.core.windows.net\r\nUser-Agent: Python-urllib/2.6\r\n\r\n')
183
>>> s.read(4096)
'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 908\r\nContent-Type: application/xml; charset=utf-8\r\nServer: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0\r\nx-ms-request-id: 08ca048cda6b445da6b3a8f3e4890197\r\nDate: Fri, 02 Dec 2011 03:02:14 GMT\r\n\r\n<Locations xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windowsazure" xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><Location><Name>Anywhere US</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>South Central US</Name><DisplayName>South Central US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>North Central US</Name><DisplayName>North Central US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Anywhere Europe</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere Europe</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>North Europe</Name><DisplayName>North Europe</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>West Europe</Name><DisplayName>West Europe</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Anywhere Asia</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere Asia</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Southeast Asia</Name><DisplayName>Southeast Asia</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>East Asia</Name><DisplayName>East Asia</DisplayName></Location></Locations>'
正如预期的那样，我的 API 也可以工作:
ActivePython 2.6.7.20 (ActiveState Software Inc.) based on
Python 2.6.7 (r267:88850, Jun 27 2011, 13:20:48) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on
win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from pyazure import pyazure
>>> pa = pyazure.PyAzure(subscription_id=SUBSCRIPTION_ID, management_cert_path='c:\\users\\blair\\research\\clouds\\azure\\BlairBethwaiteAzure1.pfx.pem')
>>> list(pa.wasm.list_locations())
['Anywhere US', 'South Central US', 'North Central US', 'Anywhere Europe', 'North Europe', 'West Europe', 'Anywhere Asia', 'Southeast Asia', 'East Asia']
CPython2.7 和 ActivePython2.7 中的 Lib\ssl.py 文件是相同的，所以我猜这一定是由于底层 C 库存在一些差异，可能是 CPython 中的错误。有高手在吗？
最佳答案
我无法对此给出明确的解释，但经过一番尝试和错误后，我对问题所在......
简短回答:这是 http://www.python.org/ 中的 ssl 实现Windows bundle 。请改用 ActiveState Python。
长答案: Windows CPython 发行版可从 http://www.python.org/download/ 获取与基于 CPython 的 ActiveState Python 发行版相比，捆绑了相当旧版本的 OpenSSL (0.9.8l)，但(除其他外)提供对 3rd 方包含项的定期更新，例如 OpenSSL(当前为 0.9.8r)。
我下载了 OpenSSL 的 Windows 二进制文件并通过 openssl s_client 接口(interface)进行了测试，例如:
openssl s_client -connect management.core.windows.net:443 -cert /home/blair/nimrod-dev/BlairBethwaiteAzure1.pfx.pem
当前版本可以正常工作，符合预期。不幸的是，似乎很难获得适用于 Windows 的旧 OpenSSL 二进制文件，考虑到它是一个安全库，也许并不奇怪...但无论如何，我在 Ubuntu 10.04 下从源代码构建了 0.9.8l，发现它在发送 HTTP 请求后挂起在管道中，可能是服务器由于某种原因默默地断开了连接:
blair@venus-vm:~/Downloads/openssl-0.9.8l/apps$ ./openssl s_client -connect management.core.windows.net:443 -cert ./BlairAzure.pem
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 /CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/CN=management.core.windows.net
i:/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
1 s:/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
i:/CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
2 s:/CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
i:/C=US/O=GTE Corporation/OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc./CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGhDCCBWygAwIBAgIKFnL3ogAIAAIjlDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCBizETMBEG
CgmSJomT8ixkARkWA2NvbTEZMBcGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWCW1pY3Jvc29mdDEUMBIG
CgmSJomT8ixkARkWBGNvcnAxFzAVBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZFgdyZWRtb25kMSowKAYD
VQQDEyFNaWNyb3NvZnQgU2VjdXJlIFNlcnZlciBBdXRob3JpdHkwHhcNMTEwNjE2
MDg0MjI3WhcNMTMwNjE1MDg0MjI3WjAmMSQwIgYDVQQDExttYW5hZ2VtZW50LmNv
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Me2S0RP9xtk3P14dVqTDJIhUC3k8JYdBiTTtk64EB5Dbq8sxEtjVb/68XDgTZKek
te/vqWSW/KcduKEjsfjOwNSM9UbYrFOTbelac+mf/L+CluAJpYAlIhOMUP2afy5e
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Lm5ldDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAsqHBR/JxRnGQMTXxJzCau49dDgeum1JH
heA38lzsoUaRELHxxrQZskjSqc0HrI7cnJPSipWQseDDwKtLwXzukCdZNk84u7xo
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sViSbU50CMPWTJAslLZgCju6cxszgpLl19xrgNteHRw2HouwTTsJnA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/CN=management.core.windows.net
issuer=/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 4691 bytes and written 450 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES128-SHA
Server public key is 2048 bit
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1
Cipher : AES128-SHA
Session-ID: <SNIP>
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: <SNIP>
Key-Arg : None
Start Time: 1324443511
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
---
GET /<SUBSCRIPTION_ID>/locations HTTP/1.1
Accept-Encoding: identity
X-Ms-Version: 2011-10-01
Host: management.core.windows.net
Connection: close
在较新甚至稍旧的(例如 Ubuntu10.04 的 0.9.8e)OpenSSL 下，服务器会按照预期响应请求:
<Locations xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windowsazure" xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><Location><Name>Anywhere US</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>South Central US</Name><DisplayName>South Central US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Anywhere Europe</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere Europe</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>West Europe</Name><DisplayName>West Europe</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Anywhere Asia</Name><DisplayName>Anywhere Asia</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>Southeast Asia</Name><DisplayName>Southeast Asia</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>East Asia</Name><DisplayName>East Asia</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>North Central US</Name><DisplayName>North Central US</DisplayName></Location><Location><Name>North Europe</Name><DisplayName>North Europe</DisplayName></Location></Locations>
但是使用 OpenSSL 0.9.8l 我什么也得不到。
关于针对 Azure 服务管理 API 的 Python HTTPS 在 Windows 上失败，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8342714/