c++ - ffmpeg/libx264 C API : frames dropped from end of short MP4

Question

在我的 C++ 应用程序中，我拍摄了一系列 JPEG 图像，使用 FreeImage 处理它们的数据，然后使用 ffmpeg/libx264 C API 将位图编码为 H264。输出是一个 MP4，它以 12fps 的速度显示了一系列 22 张图像。我的代码改编自ffmpeg C源代码附带的“muxing”示例。

我的问题:无论我如何调整编解码器参数，传递给编码器的序列末尾的一定数量的帧不会出现在最终输出中。我已经像这样设置了 AVCodecContext 参数:

//set context params
ctx->codec_id = AV_CODEC_ID_H264;
ctx->bit_rate = 4000 * 1000;
ctx->width = _width;
ctx->height = _height;
ost->st->time_base = AVRational{ 1, 12 };
ctx->time_base = ost->st->time_base;
ctx->gop_size = 1;
ctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;

我发现 gop_size 越高，从视频末尾丢弃的帧就越多。我还可以从输出中看到，使用这个 gop 大小(我实际上是在指示所有输出帧都是 I 帧)只写入了 9 帧。

我不确定为什么会这样。我尝试对重复的帧进行编码并制作更长的视频。这导致没有丢帧。我知道使用 ffmpeg 命令行工具有一个连接命令可以完成我想要做的事情，但我不确定如何使用 C API 完成相同的目标。

这是我从控制台得到的输出:

[libx264 @ 026d81c0] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX FMA3 BMI2 AVX2 [libx264 @ 026d81c0] profile High, level 3.1 [libx264 @ 026d81c0] 264 - core 152 r2851 ba24899 - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Cop yleft 2003-2017 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=1 deb lock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=0 m e_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chro ma_qp_offset=-2 threads=12 lookahead_threads=2 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=0 weightp=0 keyint=1 ke yint_min=1 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc=abr mbtree=0 bitrate=4000 ratetol=1.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00 Output #0, mp4, to '....\images\c411a991-46f6-400c-8bb0-77af3738559a.mp4': Stream #0:0: Video: h264, yuv420p, 700x700, q=2-31, 4000 kb/s, 12 tbn

[libx264 @ 026d81c0] frame I:9 Avg QP:17.83 size:111058 [libx264 @ 026d81c0] mb I I16..4: 1.9% 47.7% 50.5% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] final ratefactor: 19.14 [libx264 @ 026d81c0] 8x8 transform intra:47.7% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 98.4% 96.9% 89.5% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] i16 v,h,dc,p: 64% 6% 2% 28% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 32% 15% 9% 5% 5% 6% 8% 10% 10% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 28% 18% 7% 6% 8% 8% 8% 9% 8% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] i8c dc,h,v,p: 43% 22% 25% 10% [libx264 @ 026d81c0] kb/s:10661.53

代码如下:

MP4Writer.h

#ifndef MPEG_WRITER
#define MPEG_WRITER

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <ImgData.h>
extern "C" {
    #include <libavformat/avformat.h>
    #include <libswscale/swscale.h>
    #include <libswresample/swresample.h>
    #include <libswscale/swscale.h>
}

typedef struct OutputStream 
{
    AVStream *st;
    AVCodecContext *enc;

    //pts of the next frame that will be generated
    int64_t next_pts;
    int samples_count;

    AVFrame *frame;
    AVFrame *tmp_frame;

    float t, tincr, tincr2;

    struct SwsContext *sws_ctx;
    struct SwrContext *swr_ctx;
};

class MP4Writer {
    public:
        MP4Writer();
        void Init();
        int16_t SetOutput( const std::string & path );
        int16_t AddFrame( uint8_t * imgData );
        int16_t Write( std::vector<ImgData> & imgData );
        int16_t Finalize();
        void SetHeight( const int height ) { _height = _width = height; } //assuming 1:1 aspect ratio

    private:
        int16_t AddStream( OutputStream * ost, AVFormatContext * formatCtx, AVCodec ** codec, enum AVCodecID codecId );
        int16_t OpenVideo( AVFormatContext * formatCtx, AVCodec *codec, OutputStream * ost, AVDictionary * optArg );
        static AVFrame * AllocPicture( enum AVPixelFormat pixFmt, int width, int height );
        static AVFrame * GetVideoFrame( uint8_t * imgData, OutputStream * ost, const int width, const int height );
        static int WriteFrame( AVFormatContext * formatCtx, const AVRational * timeBase, AVStream * stream, AVPacket * packet );

        int _width;
        int _height;
        OutputStream _ost;
        AVFormatContext * _formatCtx;
        AVDictionary * _dict;
};

#endif //MPEG_WRITER

MP4Writer.cpp

#include <MP4Writer.h>
#include <algorithm>

MP4Writer::MP4Writer()
{
    _width = 0;
    _height = 0;
}

void MP4Writer::Init()
{
    av_register_all();
}

/**
 sets up output stream for the specified path.
 note that the output format is deduced automatically from the file extension passed
 @param path: output file path
 @returns: -1 = output could not be deduced, -2 = invalid codec, -3 = error opening output file,
           -4 = error writing header
*/
int16_t MP4Writer::SetOutput( const std::string & path )
{
    int error;
    AVCodec * codec;
    AVOutputFormat * format;

    _ost = OutputStream{}; //TODO reset state in a more focused way?

    //allocate output media context
    avformat_alloc_output_context2( &_formatCtx, NULL, NULL, path.c_str() );
    if ( !_formatCtx ) {
        std::cout << "could not deduce output format from file extension.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    //set format
    format = _formatCtx->oformat;
    if ( format->video_codec != AV_CODEC_ID_NONE ) {
        AddStream( &_ost, _formatCtx, &codec, format->video_codec );
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "there is no video codec set.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -2;
    }

    OpenVideo( _formatCtx, codec, &_ost, _dict );

    av_dump_format( _formatCtx, 0, path.c_str(), 1 );

    //open output file
    if ( !( format->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE )) {
        error = avio_open( &_formatCtx->pb, path.c_str(), AVIO_FLAG_WRITE );
        if ( error < 0 ) {
            std::cout << "there was an error opening output file " << path << ".  aborting" << std::endl;
            return -3;
        }
    }

    //write header
    error = avformat_write_header( _formatCtx, &_dict );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "an error occurred writing header. aborting" << std::endl;
        return -4;
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 initialize the output stream
 @param ost: the output stream
 @param formatCtx: the context format
 @param codec: the output codec
 @param codec: the ffmpeg enumerated id of the codec
 @returns: -1 = encoder not found, -2 = stream could not be allocated, -3 = encoding context could not be allocated
*/
int16_t MP4Writer::AddStream( OutputStream * ost, AVFormatContext * formatCtx, AVCodec ** codec, enum AVCodecID codecId )
{
    AVCodecContext * ctx; //TODO not sure why this is here, could just set ost->enc directly
    int i;

    //detect the encoder
    *codec = avcodec_find_encoder( codecId );
    if ( (*codec) == NULL ) {
        std::cout << "could not find encoder.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //allocate stream
    ost->st = avformat_new_stream( formatCtx, NULL );
    if ( ost->st == NULL ) {
        std::cout << "could not allocate stream.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -2;
    }

    //allocate encoding context
    ost->st->id = formatCtx->nb_streams - 1;
    ctx = avcodec_alloc_context3( *codec );
    if ( ctx == NULL ) {
        std::cout << "could not allocate encoding context.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -3;
    }

    ost->enc = ctx;

    //set context params
    ctx->codec_id = AV_CODEC_ID_H264;
    ctx->bit_rate = 4000 * 1000;
    ctx->width = _width;
    ctx->height = _height;
    ost->st->time_base = AVRational{ 1, 12 };
    ctx->time_base = ost->st->time_base;
    ctx->gop_size = 1;
    ctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;

    //if neccesary, set stream headers and formats separately
    if ( formatCtx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER ) {
        std::cout << "setting stream and headers to be separate" << std::endl;
        ctx->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 open the video for writing
 @param formatCtx: the format context
 @param codec: output codec
 @param ost: output stream
 @param optArg: dictionary
 @return: -1 = error opening codec, -2 = allocate new frame, -3 = copy stream params
*/
int16_t MP4Writer::OpenVideo( AVFormatContext * formatCtx, AVCodec *codec, OutputStream * ost, AVDictionary * optArg )
{
    int error;
    AVCodecContext * ctx = ost->enc;
    AVDictionary * dict = NULL;
    av_dict_copy( &dict, optArg, 0 );

    //open codec
    error = avcodec_open2( ctx, codec, &dict );
    av_dict_free( &dict );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "there was an error opening the codec.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //allocate new frame
    ost->frame = AllocPicture( ctx->pix_fmt, ctx->width, ctx->height );
    if ( ost->frame == NULL ) {
        std::cout << "there was an error allocating a new frame.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -2;
    }

    //copy steam params
    error = avcodec_parameters_from_context( ost->st->codecpar, ctx );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "could not copy stream parameters.  aborting" << std::endl;
        return -3;
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 allocate a new frame
 @param pixFmt: ffmpeg enumerated pixel format
 @param width: output width
 @param height: output height
 @returns: an inititalized frame
*/
AVFrame * MP4Writer::AllocPicture( enum AVPixelFormat pixFmt, int width, int height )
{
    AVFrame * picture;
    int error;

    //allocate the frame
    picture = av_frame_alloc();
    if ( picture == NULL ) {
        std::cout << "there was an error allocating the picture" << std::endl;
        return NULL;
    }

    picture->format = pixFmt;
    picture->width = width;
    picture->height = height;

    //allocate the frame's data buffer
    error = av_frame_get_buffer( picture, 32 );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "could not allocate frame data" << std::endl;
        return NULL;
    }
    picture->pts = 0;
    return picture;
}

/**
 convert raw RGB buffer to YUV frame
 @return: frame that contains image data
*/
AVFrame * MP4Writer::GetVideoFrame( uint8_t * imgData, OutputStream * ost, const int width, const int height )
{
    int error;
    AVCodecContext * ctx = ost->enc;

    //prepare the frame
    error = av_frame_make_writable( ost->frame );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "could not make frame writeable" << std::endl;
        return NULL;
    }

    //TODO set this context one time per run, or even better, one time at init
    //convert RGB to YUV
    struct SwsContext* fooContext = sws_getContext( width, height, AV_PIX_FMT_BGR24, 
        width, height, AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P, SWS_BICUBIC, NULL, NULL, NULL );
    int inLinesize[1] = { 3 * width }; // RGB stride
    uint8_t * inData[1] = { imgData };
    int sliceHeight = sws_scale( fooContext, inData, inLinesize, 0, height, ost->frame->data, ost->frame->linesize );
    sws_freeContext( fooContext );

    ost->frame->pts = ost->next_pts++;
    //TODO does the frame need to be returned here as it is available at the class level?
    return ost->frame;
}

/**
 write frame to file
 @param formatCtx: the output format context
 @param timeBase: the framerate
 @param stream: output stream
 @param packet: data packet
 @returns: see return values for av_interleaved_write_frame
*/
int MP4Writer::WriteFrame( AVFormatContext * formatCtx, const AVRational * timeBase, AVStream * stream, AVPacket * packet )
{
    av_packet_rescale_ts( packet, *timeBase, stream->time_base );
    packet->stream_index = stream->index;

    //write compressed file to media file
    return av_interleaved_write_frame( formatCtx, packet );
}

int16_t MP4Writer::Write( std::vector<ImgData> & imgData )
{
    int16_t errorCount = 0;
    int16_t retVal = 0;
    bool countingUp = true;
    size_t i = 0;
    while ( true ) {
        //don't show first frame again when counting back down
        if ( !countingUp && i == 0 ) {
            break;
        }
        uint8_t * pixels = imgData[i].GetBits( imgData[i].mp4Input );
        AddFrame( pixels );

        //handle inc/dec without repeating last frame
        if ( countingUp ) {
            if ( i == imgData.size() -1 ) {
                countingUp = false;
                i--;
            }
            else {
                i++;
            }
        }
        else {
            i--;
        }
    }
    Finalize();
    return 0; //TODO return error code
}

/**
 add another frame to output video
 @param imgData: the raw image data
 @returns -1 = error encoding video frame, -2 = error writing frame
*/
int16_t MP4Writer::AddFrame( uint8_t * imgData )
{
    int error;
    AVCodecContext * ctx;
    AVFrame * frame;
    int gotPacket = 0;
    AVPacket pkt = { 0 };

    ctx = _ost.enc;
    av_init_packet( &pkt );

    frame = GetVideoFrame( imgData, &_ost, _width, _height );

    //encode the image
    error = avcodec_encode_video2( ctx, &pkt, frame, &gotPacket );
    if ( error < 0 ) {
        std::cout << "there was an error encoding the video frame" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //write the frame.  NOTE: this doesn't kick in until the encoder has received a certain number of frames
    if ( gotPacket ) {
        error = WriteFrame( _formatCtx, &ctx->time_base, _ost.st, &pkt );
        if ( error < 0 ) {
            std::cout << "the video frame could not be written" << std::endl;
            return -2;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/**
 finalize output video and cleanup
*/
int16_t MP4Writer::Finalize()
{
    av_write_trailer( _formatCtx );
    avcodec_free_context( &_ost.enc );
    av_frame_free( &_ost.frame);
    av_frame_free( &_ost.tmp_frame );
    avio_closep( &_formatCtx->pb );
    avformat_free_context( _formatCtx );
    sws_freeContext( _ost.sws_ctx );
    swr_free( &_ost.swr_ctx);
    return 0;
}

用法

#include <FreeImage.h>
#include <MP4Writer.h>
#include <vector>

struct ImgData
{
    unsigned int width;
    unsigned int height;
    std::string path;
    FIBITMAP * mp4Input;

    uint8_t * GetBits( FIBITMAP * bmp ) { return FreeImage_GetBits( bmp ); }
};

int main()
{
     std::vector<ImgData> imgDataVec;
     //load images and push to imgDataVec
     MP4Writer mp4Writer;
     mp4Writer.SetHeight( 1200 ); //assumes 1:1 aspect ratio
     mp4Writer.Init();
     mp4Writer.SetOutput( "test.mp4" );
     mp4Writer.Write( imgDataVec );
}

Answer 1

我在该代码的任何地方都没有看到编解码器被刷新。您需要在编写预告片等之前刷新编解码器，以便将不完整的 GOP 和因任何其他原因延迟的帧强制从编解码器中删除。请参阅 ffmpeg 文档中包含的任何编码示例以了解正确的编码方法(例如 https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/6d7192bcb7bbab17dc194e8dbb56c208bced0a92/doc/examples/encode_video.c#L166 )。