c++ - 继承类中对运算符 << 的 undefined reference

Question

我正在尝试为多边形类和派生的三角形类重载 << 和 >> 运算符。问题是我的编译器返回以下错误:

error: undefined reference to `operator<<(std::ostream&, triangle const&)'

不过，我相当确定我确实定义了上述运算符。我的 triangle.h 文件中有以下行:

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, triangle const&);

这个问题专门针对三角形类出现。当我删除试图输出三角形的行时，我的程序可以正常工作。输出多边形没有问题。是什么导致了这个问题，我该如何解决？我的包含层次结构有问题吗？

我认为相关文件是 main.cpp、triangle.h 和 triangle.cpp，但我在下面包含了我的代码的完整拷贝，以防错误是由其他原因引起的。感谢您的帮助和耐心等待。

主要.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "triangle.h"

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    triangle t (vertex (0, 0), vertex (5, 0), vertex (0, 5));
    triangle l (t);

    cout << l[0] << endl;
    cout << "L: " << l << endl; //not working

    polygon p;
    p.add (vertex (0,0));
    cout << "P: " << p << endl; //working
    return 0;
}

三角形.h

#include "polygon.h"
#include <iostream>

class triangle : public polygon
{
public:
    triangle(vertex = vertex(), vertex = vertex(), vertex = vertex());

    triangle(const triangle &);

    double area() const;

    vertex operator[](size_t i) const;

private:
    size_t size() const;
    void add(vertex iv);
    std::vector<vertex> v;
};

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, triangle const&);
std::istream & operator >> (std::istream & is, triangle & t);

三角形.cpp

#include "triangle.h"
#include <math.h>
#include <cassert>


triangle::triangle(vertex ta, vertex tb, vertex tc)
{
    v.push_back(ta);
    v.push_back(tb);
    v.push_back(tc);
}

triangle::triangle(const triangle & t)
{
    v=t.v;
}

double triangle::area() const
{
    double a=sqrt((v[0].x-v[1].x)*(v[0].x-v[1].x)+(v[0].y-v[1].y)*(v[0].y-v[1].y));
    double b=sqrt((v[1].x-v[2].x)*(v[1].x-v[2].x)+(v[1].y-v[2].y)*(v[1].y-v[2].y));
    double c=sqrt((v[2].x-v[0].x)*(v[2].x-v[0].x)+(v[2].y-v[0].y)*(v[2].y-v[0].y));
    double s=((a+b+c)/2);
    return sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
}

vertex triangle::operator[] (std::size_t i) const
{
    assert (i<3);
    return v[i];
}

inline std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, triangle const & t)
{
    std::cout << "test" << std::endl;
    return os << t[0];
}

std::istream & operator >> (std::istream & is, triangle & t)
{
    vertex vx;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
    {
        is >> vx.x >> vx.y;
        //t.v.push_back(vx);
    }
    return is;
}

多边形.h

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "vertex.h"

class polygon

{
    public:
    // pre:
    // post: empty polygon created
    polygon();

    // pre:
    // post: polygon created and initialized to given polygon source
    polygon(const polygon & source);

    // pre:
    // post: return number of vertices in this polygon
    std::size_t size() const;

    // pre: 0 <= i < size()
    // post: return vertex i in this polygon
    vertex operator[](size_t i) const;

    // pre:
    // post: vertex is added to this polygon
    void add(const vertex & v);

    private:

    std::vector<vertex> v;

};

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, const polygon & p);
std::istream & operator >> (std::istream & is, polygon & p);

多边形.cpp

#include <cassert>
#include "polygon.h"

polygon::polygon()
{
    v = std::vector<vertex> ();
}

polygon::polygon(const polygon & p)
{
    v = p.v;
}

std::size_t polygon::size() const
{
    return v.size();
}

vertex polygon::operator[] (std::size_t i) const
{
    assert(i < size());
    return v[i];
}

void polygon::add(const vertex & vx)
{
    v.push_back(vx);
}

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, const polygon & p)
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < p.size(); ++i)
        os << p[i] << " ";
    return os;
}

std::istream & operator >> (std::istream & is, polygon & p)
{
    std::size_t n;
    vertex vx;

    is >> n;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        is >> vx.x >> vx.y;
        p.add(vx);
    }
    return is;
}

顶点.h

#include <iostream>

struct vertex
{
    double x, y;

    vertex(double ix = 0.0, double iy = 0.0)
    {
        x = ix;
        y = iy;
    }
};

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, const vertex & v);

顶点.cpp

#include "vertex.h"

std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, const vertex & v)
{
    os << "(" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ")";
    return os;
}

Answer 1

这是你的问题:

// triangle.cpp
inline std::ostream & operator << (std::ostream & os, triangle const & t)
^^^^^^

内联函数必须在所有使用它们的翻译单元中定义，而这只在一个翻译单元中定义。要么删除 inline，要么将定义移到 header 中以使其在任何使用它的地方都可用。