所以我一直在绞尽脑汁地不断尝试和犯错。我觉得我总是带着关于同一件事的问题回来，这令人沮丧。
我正在按照教程查看 C++ 代码，并按照 Python 尝试复制结果。我注意到通过反复试验存在细微的差异，并且我在互联网上进行了多次搜索，看看其他人是否遇到了我的问题。 9/10 次是因为纹理没有绑定(bind)，但是，我的情况是这样。 https://learnopengl.com/code_viewer_gh.php?code=src/1.getting_started/4.1.textures/textures.cpp
所以我想知道我做错了什么......有什么帮助吗？
import os # For mac... I am using a mac
import glfw # We're using this instead of GLUT as we have more flexibility
import numpy as np # We will use numpy for our arrays
# Using the API wrapper instead of something mugh higher. Keep in mind that the API is a state machine
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.arrays import *
from ctypes import c_void_p
from PIL import Image
class HelloWindow():
width = 800
height = 640
title = 'Hello Window'
window = None
shader_program = None
vao = None
vbo = None
texture = None
vertex_gsl = """
#version 410 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aColor;
layout (location = 3) in vec2 aTexCoord;
out vec3 ourColor;
out vec2 TexCoord;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
ourColor = aColor;
TexCoord = vec2(aTexCoord);
}
"""
fragment_gsl = """
#version 410 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
uniform sampler2D texture1;
void main() {
FragColor = texture(texture1, TexCoord);
}
"""
def __init__(self):
if not glfw.init():
raise TypeError('Unable to initalize glfw')
self.main()
def main(self):
# Set window hints
self.set_window_hints()
# Create the window
self.create_window()
max_vertex_attributes = glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS)
print('Maximum number of vertex attributes in a vertex shader is: ' + str(max_vertex_attributes))
# Keep the window open in a loop
self.loop()
def set_window_hints(self):
glfw.window_hint(glfw.SAMPLES, 4)
# Using the core version in Mac OS but can be set to something else
glfw.window_hint(glfw.CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4)
glfw.window_hint(glfw.CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 1)
glfw.window_hint(glfw.OPENGL_PROFILE, glfw.OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE)
glfw.window_hint(glfw.OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, True)
def create_window(self):
self.window = glfw.create_window(self.width, self.height, self.title, None, None)
if not self.window:
raise TypeError('Unable to create the window')
glfw.terminate()
glfw.make_context_current(self.window)
glfw.set_framebuffer_size_callback(self.window, self.frame_buffer_size)
### Let's setup our data
verts = np.array([
# positions # colors # texture coords
[-0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
[-0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0],
[0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]
], dtype=np.float32) # OpenGL expects 32 bit data. Not 64 bit if you're on a 64 bit machine
indicies = np.array([
[0, 1, 3],
[1, 2, 3]
], dtype=np.uint32)
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
self.vbo = glGenBuffers(1)
self.ebo = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vbo) # Bind the buffer as an array buffer and not an element buffer
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, verts, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.ebo)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicies, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, False, 8 * verts.itemsize, None)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, False, 8 * verts.itemsize, c_void_p(3 * verts.itemsize))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, False, 8 * verts.itemsize, c_void_p(6 * verts.itemsize))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
glBindVertexArray(0)
self.setup_shader()
self.texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.texture)
glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
# Set the wrapping texture parameters for x,y equivalents
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
# Set the texture filtering parameters from min to max
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
# Load our image
img = Image.open('../res/container.jpg')
img.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM)
img.convert('RGB')
data = np.array(list(img.getdata()), np.uint8)
# Set the texture data
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img.width, img.height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data)
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
#img.close()
def loop(self):
while not glfw.window_should_close(self.window):
glClearColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) # We always use this after we clear the color
# Maintain aspect ratio (optional)
glfw.set_window_aspect_ratio(self.window, self.width, self.height)
# Handle input
self.capture_input()
# Bind the texture
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.texture)
# Do some rendering
glUseProgram(self.shader_program)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
#glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
#glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3)
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_interval(1)
glfw.swap_buffers(self.window)
glfw.poll_events()
glfw.destroy_window(self.window)
# Add the vao and vbo to an array so they're deleted. We can use this when creating several vaos and vbos
vao_list = np.array([self.vao], dtype=np.uint32)
vbo_list = np.array([self.vbo], dtype=np.uint32)
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, vao_list)
glDeleteBuffers(1, vbo_list)
glfw.terminate()
def capture_input(self):
if glfw.get_key(self.window, glfw.KEY_ESCAPE) == glfw.PRESS: # Get the key pressed and check if it is escape key
glfw.set_window_should_close(self.window, True)
def frame_buffer_size(self, window, width, height):
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
def setup_shader(self):
vertex_shader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
glShaderSource(vertex_shader, self.vertex_gsl)
glCompileShader(vertex_shader)
if not glGetShaderiv(vertex_shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS):
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertex_shader, 512, None)
raise TypeError('vertex_shader did not compile correctly. Check the GSL')
fragment_shader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
glShaderSource(fragment_shader, self.fragment_gsl)
glCompileShader(fragment_shader)
if not glGetShaderiv(fragment_shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS):
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragment_shader, 512, None)
raise TypeError('fragment_shader did not compile correctly. Check the GSL')
self.shader_program = glCreateProgram()
glAttachShader(self.shader_program, vertex_shader)
glAttachShader(self.shader_program, fragment_shader)
glLinkProgram(self.shader_program)
if not glGetProgramiv(self.shader_program, GL_LINK_STATUS):
glGetProgramInfoLog(self.shader_program, 512, None)
glDeleteShader(vertex_shader)
glDeleteShader(fragment_shader)
if __name__ == '__main__':
hello_window = HelloWindow()
最佳答案
程序中为纹理坐标数组指定的属性索引为2:
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, False, 8 * verts.itemsize, c_void_p(6 * verts.itemsize))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
但是在顶点着色器中为纹理坐标指定的属性索引是3，由Layout Qualifier :
layout (location = 3) in vec2 aTexCoord;
在这两种情况下使用相同的属性索引，您的纹理就会显示出来。
关于python - pyOpenGL纹理不渲染，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49699388/