C++ 模板将某种类型的成员添加到类中

Question

我想创建一个 C++ 类，在其中可以添加类型(int、long、double、string)的成员。我对 C++ 模板编程非常陌生。

我一直在遵循本指南:https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2014/variadic-templates-in-c/对于可变数据结构。但是我如何输入类型(int、long 等)及其值并将该成员添加到我的类中？

例如，如果这是我定义元组类的方式:

template <class... Ts> struct tuple {};

template <class T, class... Ts>
struct tuple<T, Ts...> : tuple<Ts...> {
  tuple(T t, Ts... ts) : tuple<Ts...>(ts...), tail(t) {}

  T tail;
};

然后我想在运行时获取输入并且:

while(cin>>type) {
  cin>>value;
  // add type and value to my class
}

输入可以是 int 3 double 3.5 string hello 。 我的类(class)应该是这种情况tuple<int, double, std::string> t(3, 3.5, "hello") .

有没有办法使用模板编程来实现这一点？

Answer 1

如果您确实想使用静态类型，例如 std::tuple<int, int, char, int>基于 cin 的信息然后你的编译器必须在编译时“准备”所有可能的路径。取决于类型数量N最大长度s有Nˢ不同的可能性，即可能性的数量随着最大长度s呈指数增长。对于非常小的N和s这可行。由于您可能更喜欢另一种方法(没有静态类型，例如 std::tuple<int, int, char, int> )，我准备了一个仅处理类型的 C++17 示例。

#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>

template<
  class F,
  class Tuple=std::tuple<>
>
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(
  F f,
  Tuple tuple=Tuple{}
) {
  constexpr std::size_t max_tuple_size = 6;

  std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;

  if constexpr(1 + std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value < max_tuple_size) {
    std::cout << "`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: " << std::flush;
    std::string input{};
    std::cin >> input;

    if(input == std::string{"int"}) {
      tuplify_cin_and_call(f, std::tuple_cat(tuple, std::tuple<int>{}));
    }
    else if(input == std::string{"char"}) {
      tuplify_cin_and_call(f, std::tuple_cat(tuple, std::tuple<char>{}));
    }
    else if(input == std::string{"done"}) {
      return f(std::move(tuple));
    }
    else {
      std::cout << "ERROR: invalid input" << std::endl;// `cout` or `cerr` here?
      return tuplify_cin_and_call(f, std::move(tuple));
    }
  }
  else {
    std::cout << "max size reached. `done` to finish: " << std::flush;

    std::string input{};
    std::cin >> input;

    if(input == std::string{"done"}) {
      return f(std::move(tuple));
    }
    else {
      std::cout << "ERROR: invalid input" << std::endl;// `cout` or `cerr` here?
      return tuplify_cin_and_call(f, std::move(tuple));
    }
  }
}

int main() {
  tuplify_cin_and_call(
    [] (auto tuple) { std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl; }
  );
  return 0;
}

输出(包括我的键盘输入):

./main
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: int 
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: char
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: asdf
ERROR: invalid input
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: char char int
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char, char>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char, char, char>]
`int`|`char` to append or `done` to finish: auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char, char, char, int>]
max size reached. `done` to finish: asdf
ERROR: invalid input
auto tuplify_cin_and_call(F, Tuple) [with F = main()::<lambda(auto:1)>; Tuple = std::tuple<int, char, char, char, int>]
max size reached. `done` to finish: done
main()::<lambda(auto:1)> [with auto:1 = std::tuple<int, char, char, char, int>]