c++ - 构建一个可移植的可执行文件及其依赖项

Question

我想构建一个可执行文件，在确定的相对路径中查找其依赖项。换句话说，我想分发一个包含 2 个元素的 zip:一个可执行文件和一个包含共享库的文件夹。可执行文件必须能够在运行时找到那些共享库。

我测试了什么

目前，我已经使用 cmake 编译了项目。我正在使用 cmake 的命令 find_library 来查找 abs。依赖项的路径。

这是 CMakeLists.txt 文件:

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project( flowers )

find_library( VFC_LIB1 NAMES opencv_calib3d PATHS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib )
find_library( VFC_LIB2 NAMES opencv_core PATHS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib )
...
find_library( VFC_LIB16 NAMES opencv_videostab PATHS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib )

SET(VFC_LIBS ${VFC_LIB1} ${VFC_LIB2} ... ${VFC_LIB16} )

SET(VFC_INCLUDE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/opencv)

IF (VFC_LIB1 AND VFC_LIB2 AND ...  AND VFC_LIB16)

    include_directories( ${VFC_INCLUDE} )
    include_directories( FlowersDetector NeuronalNet )
    add_executable( flowers FlowersDetector/Flowers.cpp FlowersDetector/FlowersDetector.cpp )
    add_definitions(-std=c++11)
    add_definitions(-D_DEBUG) # TODO remove this for release
    target_link_libraries( flowers ${VFC_LIBS} )

ELSE (VFC_LIB1 AND VFC_LIB2 AND ...  AND VFC_LIB16)

    MESSAGE(FATAL_ERROR "OpenCV libraries not found")

ENDIF(VFC_LIB1 AND VFC_LIB2 AND ...  AND VFC_LIB16)

...表示其余同上，只是序号变了。

例如，VFC_LIB1 AND VFC_LIB2 ... AND VFC_LIB16 表示始终是 VFC_LIBx，其中 x 是从 3 到 15。

问题

问题是 find_library 用于获取绝对路径(我已经读过)，所以这不允许我将可执行文件复制粘贴到其他计算机并且仍然能够运行

我需要的是找到具有相对路径的库，或其他等效解决方案。

编辑

我试图制作一个“大”的可执行文件，其中包含“其中”的所有库。为此，我读到必须链接静态库。我重新编译了构建静态库的 OpenCV(现在我有了 *.a 文件和 *.so 文件。

我更改了 CMakeLists.txt 以添加这些静态库:

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project( flowers )
find_package( OpenCV REQUIRED )

SET(CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ".a")
SET(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARIES OFF)
SET(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "-static")

include_directories( ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS} )
include_directories( FlowersDetector NeuronalNet )
add_executable( flowers FlowersDetector/Flowers.cpp FlowersDetector/FlowersDetector.cpp )
add_definitions(-std=c++11)
add_definitions(-D_DEBUG)
target_link_libraries( flowers ${OpenCV_LIBS} )

cmake 命令运行正常，但是当我尝试make 项目时，出现了很多错误。实际上，这似乎只是一个错误，但已多次回复。此错误是:静态链接的应用程序在运行时需要来自用于链接的 glibc 版本的共享库

这是错误列表，避免了类似的错误:(如果完整列表可能有帮助，请告诉我，我会上传)

Linking CXX executable flowers

/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -latk-1.0

/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0

/usr/local/lib/libopencv_core.a(opencl_core.cpp.o): In function `(anonymous namespace)::opencl_fn14<41, int, _cl_command_queue*, _cl_mem*, unsigned int, unsigned long const*, unsigned long const*, unsigned long const*, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, void const*, unsigned int, _cl_event* const*, _cl_event**>::switch_fn(_cl_command_queue*, _cl_mem*, unsigned int, unsigned long const*, unsigned long const*, unsigned long const*, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, void const*, unsigned int, _cl_event* const*, _cl_event**)':

opencl_core.cpp:(.text._ZN12_GLOBAL__N_111opencl_fn14ILi41EiP17_cl_command_queueP7_cl_memjPKmS6_S6_mmmmPKvjPKP9_cl_eventPSA_E9switch_fnES2_S4_jS6_S6_S6_mmmmS8_jSC_SD_+0x1c0): warning: Using 'dlopen' in statically linked applications requires at runtime the shared libraries from the glibc version used for linking

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgio-2.0.a(libgio_2_0_la-glocalfileinfo.o): In function `lookup_gid_name':

(.text+0x11a7): warning: Using 'getgrgid_r' in statically linked applications requires at runtime the shared libraries from the glibc version used for linking

[And many similar errors]

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

CMakeFiles/flowers.dir/build.make:143: recipe for target 'flowers' failed

make[2]: *** [flowers] Error 1

CMakeFiles/Makefile2:60: recipe for target 'CMakeFiles/flowers.dir/all' failed

make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/flowers.dir/all] Error 2

Makefile:76: recipe for target 'all' failed

make: *** [all] Error 2

编辑 2

我已经测试了仅使用静态库 (*.a) 重新安装 OpenCV 并使用默认的 OpenCV CMakeLists:

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project( flowers )
find_package( OpenCV REQUIRED )

include_directories( ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS} )
include_directories( FlowersDetector NeuronalNet )
add_executable( flowers FlowersDetector/Flowers.cpp FlowersDetector/FlowersDetector.cpp )
add_definitions(-std=c++11)
add_definitions(-D_DEBUG)
target_link_libraries( flowers ${OpenCV_LIBS} )

我可以全部编译，甚至可以执行程序，但是当程序试图显示图像时出现以下错误:

OpenCV Error: Unspecified error (The function is not implemented. Rebuild the library with Windows, GTK+ 2.x or Carbon support. If you are on Ubuntu or Debian, install libgtk2.0-dev and pkg-config, then re-run cmake or configure script) in cvNamedWindow, file /media/ubuntu/67803d44-978a-493e-bdfb-5730e7e9f5a8/opencv-3.1.0/modules/highgui/src/window.cpp, line 527
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'cv::Exception'
  what():  /media/ubuntu/67803d44-978a-493e-bdfb-5730e7e9f5a8/opencv-3.1.0/modules/highgui/src/window.cpp:527: error: (-2) The function is not implemented. Rebuild the library with Windows, GTK+ 2.x or Carbon support. If you are on Ubuntu or Debian, install libgtk2.0-dev and pkg-config, then re-run cmake or configure script in function cvNamedWindow

Aborted (core dumped)

我已经安装了apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev 和pkg-config，我还下载并安装了ATK 库(来自 http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/x/atk.html )。

之后，我重新启动并重新运行 cmake 和 make。当我执行程序时，错误仍然存​​在。

Answer 1

在 Linux 上，可执行文件使用 RPATH 机制存储有关其库路径的信息。链接器在将可执行文件加载到内存中时使用此信息。

为了使库的路径相对，有特殊的路径组件$ORIGIN ，它被评估为具有可执行文件的目录。

在 CMake 中，为构建的可执行文件设置 RPATH，使用变量 CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH :

# sets RPATH for *install*ed files
set(CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH "\$ORIGIN/lib") # Note CMake escaping aroung '$' sign.
# *built* files will also used RPATH which has been set before
set(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH on)

# Use 'find_library' calls. They return absolute paths needs for *link* stage.
find_library(...)
...
set(VFC_LIBS ...)
# Create executable and link it using variables filled by 'find_library'
add_executable(flowers ...)
target_link_libraries(flowers ${VFC_LIBS})

现在，如果您将可执行文件移动(或安装)到某个目录中 <dir>和目录中的所有库 <dir>/lib/ ，可以运行可执行文件。

有关 CMake 中 RPATH 处理的更多信息，请参阅 CMake wiki .