我想使用 gluLookAt() 移动我的相机，以便我可以看到整个网格(在代码中是一个立方体)。
我在游戏循环中设置了 ModelView 矩阵。更改 glLookAt() 和 gluPerspective() 对最终图像没有任何影响。我不断收到下面的图片。
我已经尝试使用 glOrtho() 但它仍然无法正常工作...
这个问题是来自着色器，还是其他绘图代码？
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <OpenGL/gl.h>
#include <OpenGL/glu.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int window_width = 800, window_height = 600;
GLuint loadShader(const char *vs_path, const char *fs_path);
const char *vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";
const char *fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";
int main() {
if (!glfwInit())
return -1;
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
GLFWwindow* window;
window = glfwCreateWindow(window_width, window_height, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);
if (!window) {
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
// check for shader compile errors
int success;
char infoLog[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// fragment shader
int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// link shaders
int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
// check for linking errors
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
float vertices[] = {
-1, 0.0, 0.0,
-1, 0.0, 1.0,
-1, 1.0, 0.0,
-1, 1.0, 1.0,
1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0,
1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
};
unsigned int indices[] = {
0, 6, 4,
0, 2, 6,
0, 3, 2,
0, 1, 3,
2, 7, 6,
2, 3, 7,
4, 6, 7,
4, 7, 5,
0, 4, 5,
0, 5, 1,
1, 5, 7,
1, 7, 3,
};
unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
gluLookAt(
0, 0, 10,
0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(-10, 10, -10, 10, 0.1, 10);
glViewport(0, 0, window_width, window_height);
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glBindVertexArray(VAO); // seeing as we only have a single VAO there's no need to bind it every time, but we'll do so to keep things a bit more organized
//glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
// glBindVertexArray(0); // no need to unbind it every time
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
GLuint loadShader(const char *vs_path, const char *fs_path) {
GLuint vertexShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
GLuint fragmentShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
std::string vsCode;
std::ifstream vsStream(vs_path, std::ios::in);
if (vsStream.is_open()) {
std::string line;
while (std::getline(vsStream, line)) {
vsCode += line + "\n";
}
vsStream.close();
} else {
std::cerr << "ERROR::GUI::LOAD_SHADER::VERTEX::FILE_OPEN_FAILED\n" << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
std::string fsCode;
std::ifstream fsStream(fs_path, std::ios::in);
if (fsStream.is_open()) {
std::string line;
while (std::getline(fsStream, line)) {
fsCode += line + "\n";
}
fsStream.close();
} else {
std::cerr << "ERROR::GUI::LOAD_SHADER::FRAGMENT::FILE_OPEN_FAILED\n" << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
int success;
char info[1024];
const char *vs = vsCode.c_str();
glShaderSource(vertexShaderID, 1, &vs, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShaderID);
glGetShaderiv(vertexShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShaderID, 1024, NULL, info);
std::cerr << "ERROR::GUI::LOAD_SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
const char *fs = fsCode.c_str();
glShaderSource(fragmentShaderID, 1, &fs, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShaderID);
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShaderID, 1024, NULL, info);
std::cerr << "ERROR::GUI::LOAD_SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
GLuint programID = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(programID, vertexShaderID);
glAttachShader(programID, fragmentShaderID);
glLinkProgram(programID);
glGetProgramiv(programID, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(programID, 1024, NULL, info);
std::cerr << "ERROR::GUI::LOAD_SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
glDetachShader(programID, vertexShaderID);
glDetachShader(programID, fragmentShaderID);
glDeleteShader(vertexShaderID);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShaderID);
}
最佳答案
固定函数矩阵堆栈已弃用。参见 Fixed Function Pipeline和 Legacy OpenGL .
当您使用核心配置文件时
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
那么就不能使用固定函数矩阵栈了。
使用Uniform变量。使用投影矩阵统一 (u_proj) 和 View 矩阵统一 (u_view) 创建着色器程序:
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
uniform mat4 u_proj;
uniform mat4 u_view;
void main()
{
gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * vec4(aPos.xyz, 1.0);
}
获取着色器程序链接后统一变量的位置:
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
GLint projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "u_proj");
GLint viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "u_view");
使用类似 OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) 的库, 初始化投影矩阵和 View 矩阵:
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
glm::mat4 proj = glm::ortho(-10.0f, 10.0f, -10.0f, 10.0f, -10.0f, 10.0f);
glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
安装程序后设置统一变量的值:
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(proj));
glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
关于c++ - 使用 glOrtho() 时 gluLookAt() 不起作用？，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54192428/