Python 请求 : verify using self-signed cert

Question

我一直在尝试使用自签名证书测试请求 SSL 验证并将其设置为验证参数 CA 包。我没有通过测试，而是得到了 [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)。

这是我的测试代码:

class TestSubjectVerification(HttpTestSupport):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.https_port = get_random_port()
        cls.httpsd = server.HTTPServer(('', cls.https_port), Handler)
        cls.httpsd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(cls.httpsd.socket,
                                            certfile=os.path.join(TEST_RESOURCES_DIR, "certificate.pem"),
                                            keyfile=os.path.join(TEST_RESOURCES_DIR, "private.key"),
                                            server_side=True)
        Thread(target=cls.httpsd.serve_forever).start()

    def test_hello(self):
        port = self.__class__.https_port
        ca = os.path.join(TEST_RESOURCES_DIR, "certificate.pem")
        r = requests.get("https://127.0.0.1:%s" % port, verify=ca)
        self.assertEqual("hello", r.text)

我使用以下 openssl 命令创建了我的 key 和证书(引用此 stackoverflow post ):

openssl genrsa -out private.key 3072

openssl req -new -x509 -key private.key -sha256 -out certificate.pem -days 730

自定义openssl.cnf，我指定127.0.0.1作为IP subjectAltName。检查证书:

$ openssl x509 -in certificate.pem -text -noout

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 15231302753528708005 (0xd3607527ca81fba5)
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=US, ST=North Carolina, L=Durham, O=Foo Company, OU=Foo Org, CN=Craig McDaniel/emailAddress=foobie@example.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Apr 18 19:40:03 2017 GMT
            Not After : Apr 18 19:40:03 2019 GMT
        Subject: C=US, ST=North Carolina, L=Apex, O=DataStax, OU=OpsCenter, CN=Craig McDaniel/emailAddress=craig.mcdaniel@datastax.com
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (3072 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:e7:3a:b0:b9:28:bd:e1:d0:74:9f:4b:a7:9b:f6:
                    fe:ba:7e:58:da:05:fc:b4:b7:9c:fc:7a:1f:c4:d5:
                    02:09:77:94:14:07:d6:dd:e3:59:ad:09:fc:e1:79:
                    c5:5d:7f:6e:56:ca:08:21:f3:af:c1:0d:31:c5:aa:
                    2d:78:e9:2f:26:79:0e:76:f9:64:77:9e:94:32:4b:
                    09:c0:3b:15:d0:64:b0:58:85:53:96:e4:f0:ac:da:
                    b1:f4:e3:17:dc:6d:ba:94:e7:49:88:dd:fe:f7:a7:
                    ac:36:4b:3e:07:4b:d0:dc:c1:ae:54:56:a5:4e:8e:
                    89:0b:63:a1:0f:10:12:25:3b:11:0c:8a:a4:03:3d:
                    ef:67:4f:0c:2b:3c:d9:f3:a6:b4:eb:e1:d4:e5:d0:
                    12:45:c6:6a:42:d3:a0:c7:c0:2e:e5:c7:95:17:98:
                    8b:9d:d7:32:f5:a4:87:5a:b5:77:86:91:44:0c:82:
                    f7:94:31:dc:f5:5c:5e:bc:82:73:de:e5:31:84:e3:
                    99:af:bd:7f:80:15:61:cd:f9:5a:85:ae:3a:96:fb:
                    36:27:51:c2:ee:37:8b:65:61:47:f6:9f:0c:8f:1d:
                    d2:a2:99:de:a9:a9:d5:30:04:55:8e:27:d2:c1:cf:
                    ec:b3:3e:47:7b:5a:b6:ac:92:1b:56:0f:65:81:f3:
                    22:97:96:15:9a:0c:a7:8f:ca:72:6b:90:c4:0e:dc:
                    d8:e2:d4:36:32:8e:fd:94:35:a4:b6:44:75:32:3d:
                    8a:7a:96:bc:bc:00:6a:1f:ef:a2:93:29:7f:6a:95:
                    87:47:5b:af:99:88:3d:57:ea:c7:9a:8b:57:b1:a3:
                    5f:26:f6:4e:f8:68:9d:ed:a7:ae:f3:97:20:46:c4:
                    e8:a2:c6:e4:f1:d2:92:1d:9a:08:fa:24:f0:cf:42:
                    74:d6:ed:e2:68:36:2e:dc:5a:6e:e0:ae:33:5e:c1:
                    c1:79:37:a8:49:b7:a3:79:46:40:3c:3b:e5:1b:a2:
                    93:23:04:f9:4b:1e:9d:4f:04:f7
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                08:80:0D:CF:99:29:C4:25:4A:1E:BE:E8:B1:86:F7:83:1E:1C:98:BD
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:08:80:0D:CF:99:29:C4:25:4A:1E:BE:E8:B1:86:F7:83:1E:1C:98:BD

            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage:
                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                IP Address:127.0.0.1
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         54:53:a9:f8:ba:1d:7d:ed:f8:b6:be:c3:46:38:cf:3a:f8:b1:
         25:25:c5:66:c6:d7:b1:eb:7a:c4:4d:0a:55:a2:89:82:31:13:
         37:14:d2:5e:5c:e8:a5:2b:f9:ba:0f:02:21:cd:b8:f7:57:36:
         31:48:8a:8c:a8:04:cd:26:90:e9:7a:99:ab:ec:6d:bf:40:1a:
         d7:6f:37:6d:6c:11:73:5e:44:c3:cd:97:0d:cc:9d:78:91:1e:
         26:8f:48:40:c8:7e:5d:10:f1:35:1b:1e:04:ea:c0:be:54:14:
         39:01:33:86:e9:e3:2a:cc:55:9d:cd:95:eb:74:ab:3b:e2:f1:
         87:ce:1e:dd:50:ac:00:28:8e:71:89:87:78:e9:e0:ba:52:6f:
         05:1c:13:7e:9c:32:77:da:f0:b2:34:05:02:df:3f:95:2a:57:
         96:d5:22:59:c1:e3:c5:45:80:da:01:15:e2:fa:5d:e6:f2:88:
         97:09:a1:3d:5c:81:85:ce:34:f9:d2:21:59:f5:40:50:b5:59:
         09:78:41:8f:99:03:aa:5c:70:e9:ee:95:4d:48:3c:09:e8:bf:
         55:dd:9a:21:4e:f1:2b:4e:bb:7e:5a:c0:9b:5d:dc:57:0b:0b:
         f6:55:18:bc:53:4a:d1:15:41:02:4a:1c:33:ae:c6:ec:eb:66:
         ca:aa:17:05:f9:2d:99:b7:c6:73:5e:2b:9d:0b:30:16:ab:b3:
         06:5b:f5:79:91:a4:f8:2a:4e:19:87:33:50:7d:c4:23:0d:39:
         6d:4e:2b:88:59:55:77:d4:b5:bd:a3:4f:1c:b8:18:e4:56:07:
         13:ef:57:ce:9e:67:60:55:1d:0d:42:ea:27:50:07:fa:f9:30:
         fd:69:5c:39:ba:cf:36:a1:f7:e0:ff:69:8b:38:41:f1:4c:7d:
         39:ac:25:a9:41:ed:2b:c7:b9:88:0f:1e:d0:12:50:c8:ba:4a:
         5e:07:d7:12:77:c7:68:09:8f:37:be:b8:a3:d4:e2:ea:9d:88:
         36:25:df:f6:3c:f8

此外，curl 似乎可以很好地验证证书并打印响应(尽管它会给出一些其他错误):

curl --cacert /path/to/my/certificate.pem  https://127.0.0.1:8443/
curl: (56) GnuTLS recv error (-110): The TLS connection was non-properly terminated.
hello

curl https://127.0.0.1:8443/
curl: (60) server certificate verification failed. CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt CRLfile: none

Answer 1

我猜您使用的是 Python 2.7。根据 ssl.py 的源代码，仅检查主题备用名称中的 DNS 条目，这意味着您的 IP 地址条目将被忽略。即使在最新版本的 Python 2.7(即 2.7.13)中，这似乎也是有效的。

在 Python 3 中这是固定的。根据 Python 3.5 中的 ssl.py，它将专门检查主题备用名称中的 IP 地址类型。

这意味着您要么必须使用 DNS 条目而不是 IP 地址条目，后者虽然错误地适用于 Python 2.7，但停止使用 Python 3。或者您可以改用 Python 3。或者使用主机名。