c++ -/usr/bin/ld : error: cannot find -lboost_unit_test_framework

Question

有人用这个标题提出了很多问题，但我发现没有适合我的答案......

我有以下代码:

#define BOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE Hello
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>

int add(int i, int j)
{
    return i + j;
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(universeInOrder)
{
    BOOST_CHECK(add(2, 2) == 4);
}

我编译时使用:

g++ -ohello -lboost_unit_test_framework hello.cpp

我得到的错误:

g++ -ohello -lboost_unit_test_framework hello.cpp
/usr/bin/ld: error: cannot find -lboost_unit_test_framework
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function init_unit_test(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite()'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function main: error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_main(bool (*)(), int, char**)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::set_checkpoint(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_impl(boost::test_tools::predicate_result const&, boost::unit_test::lazy_ostream const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::tool_level, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_type, unsigned long, ...)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::auto_test_unit_registrar::auto_test_unit_registrar(boost::unit_test::test_case*, unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::normalize_test_case_name(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::test_case::test_case(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::~unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

简单的例子来自http://www.alittlemadness.com/2009/03/31/c-unit-testing-with-boosttest/我在另一个大项目中也遇到了这个问题，该项目在其他机器上运行良好...我的机器配置一定有问题，但我不知道是什么(或如何调试它!)。

我已经做过的一些事情:

检查libc.conf:

$ cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf
# libc default configuration
/usr/local/lib

检查boost文件是否可以作为用户读取:

$ test -r /usr/local/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a && echo ok
ok

$ ll /usr/local/lib/libboost_program_options.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2M May 22  2013 /usr/local/lib/libboost_program_options.a

运行ldconfig？

sudo ldconfig

g++ -Wl,--verbose -o hello hello.cpp -lboost_unit_test_framework

/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/crtbegin.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /tmp/ccOe343V.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/crtend.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: error: cannot find -lboost_unit_test_framework
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libstdc++.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libm.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libm.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc_s.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.a succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libc.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc_s.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.a succeeded
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function init_unit_test(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite()'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function main: error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_main(bool (*)(), int, char**)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::set_checkpoint(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_impl(boost::test_tools::predicate_result const&, boost::unit_test::lazy_ostream const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::tool_level, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_type, unsigned long, ...)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::auto_test_unit_registrar::auto_test_unit_registrar(boost::unit_test::test_case*, unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::normalize_test_case_name(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::test_case::test_case(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::~unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

Answer 1

Something must be wrong with my machine configuration, but I have no clue what (or how to debug it!)

尝试，

g++ -Wl,--verbose -o hello hello.cpp -lboost_unit_test_framework

并查找以下行:尝试打开... boost_unit_test_framework。它将使您更好地了解链接器用来尝试定位有问题的静态或动态库的搜索路径。