Java 使用数组比 C++ 中的 std::vector 快 8 倍。我做错了什么？

Question

我有以下 Java 代码，其中包含几个永远不会改变大小的大数组。它在我的电脑上运行时间为 1100 毫秒。

我在 C++ 中实现了相同的代码并使用了 std::vector。

在我的计算机上运行完全相同的代码的 C++ 实现的时间是 8800 毫秒。我做错了什么，导致它运行得这么慢？

代码基本上做了以下事情:

for (int i = 0; i < numberOfCells; ++i) {
        h[i] =  h[i] + 1;
        floodedCells[i] =  !floodedCells[i];
        floodedCellsTimeInterval[i] =  !floodedCellsTimeInterval[i];
        qInflow[i] =  qInflow[i] + 1;
}

它遍历大小约为 20000 的不同数组。

您可以在以下链接下找到这两种实现:

• Java:https://ideone.com/R8KqjT
• C++:https://ideone.com/Lu7RpE

(在ideone上，由于时间限制，我只能运行循环400次而不是2000次。但即使在这里也有3次的差异)

Answer 1

是的，c++ 版本中的缓存需要锤击。似乎 JIT 能够更好地处理这个问题。

如果您将 isUpdateNeeded() 中的外部 for 更改为更短的片段。差异消失了。

下面的示例产生了 4 倍的加速。

void isUpdateNeeded() {
    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfCells; ++i) {
        h[i] =  h[i] + 1;
        floodedCells[i] =  !floodedCells[i];
        floodedCellsTimeInterval[i] =  !floodedCellsTimeInterval[i];
        qInflow[i] =  qInflow[i] + 1;
        qStartTime[i] =  qStartTime[i] + 1;
        qEndTime[i] =  qEndTime[i] + 1;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfCells; ++i) {
        lowerFloorCells[i] =  lowerFloorCells[i] + 1;
        cellLocationX[i] =  cellLocationX[i] + 1;
        cellLocationY[i] =  cellLocationY[i] + 1;
        cellLocationZ[i] =  cellLocationZ[i] + 1;
        levelOfCell[i] =  levelOfCell[i] + 1;
        valueOfCellIds[i] =  valueOfCellIds[i] + 1;
        h0[i] =  h0[i] + 1;
        vU[i] =  vU[i] + 1;
        vV[i] =  vV[i] + 1;
        vUh[i] =  vUh[i] + 1;
        vVh[i] =  vVh[i] + 1;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfCells; ++i) {
        vUh0[i] =  vUh0[i] + 1;
        vVh0[i] =  vVh0[i] + 1;
        ghh[i] =  ghh[i] + 1;
        sfx[i] =  sfx[i] + 1;
        sfy[i] =  sfy[i] + 1;
        qIn[i] =  qIn[i] + 1;
        for(int j = 0; j < nEdges; ++j) {
            neighborIds[i * nEdges + j] = neighborIds[i * nEdges + j] + 1;
        }
        for(int j = 0; j < nEdges; ++j) {
            typeInterface[i * nEdges + j] = typeInterface[i * nEdges + j] + 1;
        }
    }

}

这在一定程度上表明缓存未命中是速度下降的原因。同样重要的是要注意变量不相关，因此很容易创建线程解决方案。

订单已恢复

根据 stefans 的评论，我尝试使用原始大小将它们分组到一个结构中。这以类似的方式消除了即时缓存压力。结果是c++(CCFLAG -O3)版本比java版本快15%左右。

Varning 既不短也不漂亮。

#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
 
 
 
class FloodIsolation {
    struct item{
      char floodedCells;
      char floodedCellsTimeInterval;
      double valueOfCellIds;
      double h;
      double h0;
      double vU;
      double vV;
      double vUh;
      double vVh;
      double vUh0;
      double vVh0;
      double sfx;
      double sfy;
      double qInflow;
      double qStartTime;
      double qEndTime;
      double qIn;
      double nx;
      double ny;
      double ghh;
      double floorLevels;
      int lowerFloorCells;
      char flagInterface;
      char floorCompletelyFilled;
      double cellLocationX;
      double cellLocationY;
      double cellLocationZ;
      int levelOfCell;
    };
    struct inner_item{
      int typeInterface;
      int neighborIds;
    };

    std::vector<inner_item> inner_data;
    std::vector<item> data;

public:
    FloodIsolation() :
            numberOfCells(20000), inner_data(numberOfCells * nEdges), data(numberOfCells)
   {

    }
    ~FloodIsolation(){
    }
 
    void isUpdateNeeded() {
        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfCells; ++i) {
            data[i].h = data[i].h + 1;
            data[i].floodedCells = !data[i].floodedCells;
            data[i].floodedCellsTimeInterval = !data[i].floodedCellsTimeInterval;
            data[i].qInflow = data[i].qInflow + 1;
            data[i].qStartTime = data[i].qStartTime + 1;
            data[i].qEndTime = data[i].qEndTime + 1;
            data[i].lowerFloorCells = data[i].lowerFloorCells + 1;
            data[i].cellLocationX = data[i].cellLocationX + 1;
            data[i].cellLocationY = data[i].cellLocationY + 1;
            data[i].cellLocationZ = data[i].cellLocationZ + 1;
            data[i].levelOfCell = data[i].levelOfCell + 1;
            data[i].valueOfCellIds = data[i].valueOfCellIds + 1;
            data[i].h0 = data[i].h0 + 1;
            data[i].vU = data[i].vU + 1;
            data[i].vV = data[i].vV + 1;
            data[i].vUh = data[i].vUh + 1;
            data[i].vVh = data[i].vVh + 1;
            data[i].vUh0 = data[i].vUh0 + 1;
            data[i].vVh0 = data[i].vVh0 + 1;
            data[i].ghh = data[i].ghh + 1;
            data[i].sfx = data[i].sfx + 1;
            data[i].sfy = data[i].sfy + 1;
            data[i].qIn = data[i].qIn + 1;
            for(int j = 0; j < nEdges; ++j) {
                inner_data[i * nEdges + j].neighborIds = inner_data[i * nEdges + j].neighborIds + 1;
                inner_data[i * nEdges + j].typeInterface = inner_data[i * nEdges + j].typeInterface + 1;
            }
        }
 
    }
 
    static const int nEdges;
private:
 
    const int numberOfCells;

};
 
const int FloodIsolation::nEdges = 6;

int main() {
    FloodIsolation isolation;
    clock_t start = clock();
    for (int i = 0; i < 4400; ++i) {
        if(i % 100 == 0) {
            std::cout << i << "\n";
        }
        isolation.isUpdateNeeded();
    }

    clock_t stop = clock();
    std::cout << "Time: " << difftime(stop, start) / 1000 << "\n";
}
                                                                              

我的结果与 Jerry Coffins 的原始尺寸略有不同。对我来说，差异仍然存在。这很可能是我的 java 版本，1.7.0_75。